Author: Bonja Patrick Ngancha
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electric power distribution
Languages : en
Pages : 156
Book Description
In areas where adequate water resource is available, hydrokinetic energy conversion systems are currently gaining recognition, as opposed to other renewable energy sources such as solar or wind energy. The operational principle of hydrokinetic energy is not similar to traditional hydropower generation that explores use of the potential energy of falling water, which has drawbacks such as the expensive construction of dams and the disturbance of aquatic ecosystems. Hence, hydrokinetic energy generates electricity by making use of underwater turbines to extract the kinetic energy of flowing water, with no construction of dams or diversions. A hydrokinetic turbine uses flowing water, which varies with climatic conditions throughout the year, to power the shaft of a generator, hence, generating an unstable energy output. The aim of this dissertation is to develop a controller that will be used to stabilize the output voltage and frequency generated in a hydrokinetic energy system. An overview of various methods used to minimize the fluctuating impacts of power generated from renewable energy sources is included in the current conducted research. Several renewable energy sources such as biomass, wind, solar, hydro and geothermal have been discussed in the literature review. Different control methods and topologies have been cited. Hence, the study elaborates on the adoptive control principles, which include the load ballast control, dummy load control, proportional integral and derivative (PID) controller system, proportional integral (PI) controller system, pulse-width modulation (PWM) control, pitch angle control, valve control, the rate of river flow at the turbine, bidirectional diffuser-augmented control and differential flatness based controller. These control operations in renewable energy power generation are mainly based on a linear control approach. In the case whereby a PI power controller system has been developed for a variable speed hydrokinetic turbine system, a DC-DC boost converter is used to keep constant DC link voltage. The input DC current is regulated to follow the optimized current reference for maximum power point operation of the turbine system. The DC link voltage is controlled to feed the current in the grid through the line side PWM inverter. The active power is regulated by q-axis current while the reactive power is regulated by d-axis current. The phase angle of utility voltage is detected using PLL (phased locked loop) in a d-q synchronous reference frame. The proposed scheme is modelled and simulated using MATLAB/ Simulink, and the results give a high quality power conversion solution for a variable speed hydrokinetic system. In the second case, whereby the differential flatness concept is applied to a controller, the idea of this concept is to generate an imaginary trajectory that will take the system from an initial condition to a desired output generating power. This control concept has the ability to resolve complex control problems such as output voltage and frequency fluctuations of renewable energy systems, while exploiting their linear properties. The results show that the generated outputs are dynamically adjusted during the voltage regulation process. The advantage of the proposed differential flatness based controller over the traditional PI control resides in the fact that decoupling is not necessary and the system is much more robust as demonstrated by the modelling and simulation studies under different operating conditions, such as changes in water flow rate.
Flatness Based Control of Micro-hydrokinetic River Electrification System
Author: Bonja Patrick Ngancha
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electric power distribution
Languages : en
Pages : 156
Book Description
In areas where adequate water resource is available, hydrokinetic energy conversion systems are currently gaining recognition, as opposed to other renewable energy sources such as solar or wind energy. The operational principle of hydrokinetic energy is not similar to traditional hydropower generation that explores use of the potential energy of falling water, which has drawbacks such as the expensive construction of dams and the disturbance of aquatic ecosystems. Hence, hydrokinetic energy generates electricity by making use of underwater turbines to extract the kinetic energy of flowing water, with no construction of dams or diversions. A hydrokinetic turbine uses flowing water, which varies with climatic conditions throughout the year, to power the shaft of a generator, hence, generating an unstable energy output. The aim of this dissertation is to develop a controller that will be used to stabilize the output voltage and frequency generated in a hydrokinetic energy system. An overview of various methods used to minimize the fluctuating impacts of power generated from renewable energy sources is included in the current conducted research. Several renewable energy sources such as biomass, wind, solar, hydro and geothermal have been discussed in the literature review. Different control methods and topologies have been cited. Hence, the study elaborates on the adoptive control principles, which include the load ballast control, dummy load control, proportional integral and derivative (PID) controller system, proportional integral (PI) controller system, pulse-width modulation (PWM) control, pitch angle control, valve control, the rate of river flow at the turbine, bidirectional diffuser-augmented control and differential flatness based controller. These control operations in renewable energy power generation are mainly based on a linear control approach. In the case whereby a PI power controller system has been developed for a variable speed hydrokinetic turbine system, a DC-DC boost converter is used to keep constant DC link voltage. The input DC current is regulated to follow the optimized current reference for maximum power point operation of the turbine system. The DC link voltage is controlled to feed the current in the grid through the line side PWM inverter. The active power is regulated by q-axis current while the reactive power is regulated by d-axis current. The phase angle of utility voltage is detected using PLL (phased locked loop) in a d-q synchronous reference frame. The proposed scheme is modelled and simulated using MATLAB/ Simulink, and the results give a high quality power conversion solution for a variable speed hydrokinetic system. In the second case, whereby the differential flatness concept is applied to a controller, the idea of this concept is to generate an imaginary trajectory that will take the system from an initial condition to a desired output generating power. This control concept has the ability to resolve complex control problems such as output voltage and frequency fluctuations of renewable energy systems, while exploiting their linear properties. The results show that the generated outputs are dynamically adjusted during the voltage regulation process. The advantage of the proposed differential flatness based controller over the traditional PI control resides in the fact that decoupling is not necessary and the system is much more robust as demonstrated by the modelling and simulation studies under different operating conditions, such as changes in water flow rate.
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electric power distribution
Languages : en
Pages : 156
Book Description
In areas where adequate water resource is available, hydrokinetic energy conversion systems are currently gaining recognition, as opposed to other renewable energy sources such as solar or wind energy. The operational principle of hydrokinetic energy is not similar to traditional hydropower generation that explores use of the potential energy of falling water, which has drawbacks such as the expensive construction of dams and the disturbance of aquatic ecosystems. Hence, hydrokinetic energy generates electricity by making use of underwater turbines to extract the kinetic energy of flowing water, with no construction of dams or diversions. A hydrokinetic turbine uses flowing water, which varies with climatic conditions throughout the year, to power the shaft of a generator, hence, generating an unstable energy output. The aim of this dissertation is to develop a controller that will be used to stabilize the output voltage and frequency generated in a hydrokinetic energy system. An overview of various methods used to minimize the fluctuating impacts of power generated from renewable energy sources is included in the current conducted research. Several renewable energy sources such as biomass, wind, solar, hydro and geothermal have been discussed in the literature review. Different control methods and topologies have been cited. Hence, the study elaborates on the adoptive control principles, which include the load ballast control, dummy load control, proportional integral and derivative (PID) controller system, proportional integral (PI) controller system, pulse-width modulation (PWM) control, pitch angle control, valve control, the rate of river flow at the turbine, bidirectional diffuser-augmented control and differential flatness based controller. These control operations in renewable energy power generation are mainly based on a linear control approach. In the case whereby a PI power controller system has been developed for a variable speed hydrokinetic turbine system, a DC-DC boost converter is used to keep constant DC link voltage. The input DC current is regulated to follow the optimized current reference for maximum power point operation of the turbine system. The DC link voltage is controlled to feed the current in the grid through the line side PWM inverter. The active power is regulated by q-axis current while the reactive power is regulated by d-axis current. The phase angle of utility voltage is detected using PLL (phased locked loop) in a d-q synchronous reference frame. The proposed scheme is modelled and simulated using MATLAB/ Simulink, and the results give a high quality power conversion solution for a variable speed hydrokinetic system. In the second case, whereby the differential flatness concept is applied to a controller, the idea of this concept is to generate an imaginary trajectory that will take the system from an initial condition to a desired output generating power. This control concept has the ability to resolve complex control problems such as output voltage and frequency fluctuations of renewable energy systems, while exploiting their linear properties. The results show that the generated outputs are dynamically adjusted during the voltage regulation process. The advantage of the proposed differential flatness based controller over the traditional PI control resides in the fact that decoupling is not necessary and the system is much more robust as demonstrated by the modelling and simulation studies under different operating conditions, such as changes in water flow rate.
Techno-economic Analysis of an Off-grid Micro-hydrokinetic River System as a Remote Rural Electrification Option
Author: Sandile Phillip Koko
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Renewable energy sources
Languages : en
Pages : 226
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Renewable energy sources
Languages : en
Pages : 226
Book Description
Water Current Turbines
Author: Peter Garman
Publisher: Intermediate Technology Publications
ISBN:
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 128
Book Description
Developed from Intermediate Technology (now Practical Action) experience in Sudan, this handbook describes the development and testing of the water current turbine as a simple and inexpensive means of lifting water for irrigation purposes. With detailed technical information on the technology, this manual also includes an economic assessment of its cost-effectiveness compared with other pumping technologies. This book is designed for the use of engineers and development workers who may be interested in trying this technology
Publisher: Intermediate Technology Publications
ISBN:
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 128
Book Description
Developed from Intermediate Technology (now Practical Action) experience in Sudan, this handbook describes the development and testing of the water current turbine as a simple and inexpensive means of lifting water for irrigation purposes. With detailed technical information on the technology, this manual also includes an economic assessment of its cost-effectiveness compared with other pumping technologies. This book is designed for the use of engineers and development workers who may be interested in trying this technology
Macro-engineering Seawater in Unique Environments
Author: Viorel Badescu
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642147798
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 808
Book Description
The subjects refer to histories of ancient and modern use of seacoasts; possible macro-projects capable of massive changes in the coastlines of the Dead Sea, Red Sea and Persian Gulf caused by canal and massively scaled hydropower dam installations; relevant macro-projects for the Black Sea and Baltic Sea; possibilities of refreshment of the Aral Sea and Iran’s Lake Uremia with seawater or river freshwater importation macro-projects; potential rehabilitation of some vital arid zone regions now dominated by moving or movable surface granular materials using unique and unusual macro-projects; seawater flooding of land regions situated below present-day global sea-level; harnessing energy and obtaining freshwater from the world’s salt-laden ocean by modern industrial means; various macro-projects designed specifically for the protection (reduction of vulnerability) of particular Earth geographical regions.
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642147798
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 808
Book Description
The subjects refer to histories of ancient and modern use of seacoasts; possible macro-projects capable of massive changes in the coastlines of the Dead Sea, Red Sea and Persian Gulf caused by canal and massively scaled hydropower dam installations; relevant macro-projects for the Black Sea and Baltic Sea; possibilities of refreshment of the Aral Sea and Iran’s Lake Uremia with seawater or river freshwater importation macro-projects; potential rehabilitation of some vital arid zone regions now dominated by moving or movable surface granular materials using unique and unusual macro-projects; seawater flooding of land regions situated below present-day global sea-level; harnessing energy and obtaining freshwater from the world’s salt-laden ocean by modern industrial means; various macro-projects designed specifically for the protection (reduction of vulnerability) of particular Earth geographical regions.
Sustainable Building for a Cleaner Environment
Author: Ali Sayigh
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319945955
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 463
Book Description
This book contains selected papers presented during the bi-annual World Renewable Energy Network’s Med Green Forum aimed at the international community as well as Mediterranean countries. This forum highlights the importance of growing renewable energy applications in two main sectors: Electricity Generation and the Sustainable Building Sector. In-depth chapters highlight the most current research and technological breakthroughs, covering a broad range of renewable energy technologies and applications in all sectors – for electricity production, heating and cooling, agricultural applications, water desalination, industrial applications and for the transport sectors.
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319945955
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 463
Book Description
This book contains selected papers presented during the bi-annual World Renewable Energy Network’s Med Green Forum aimed at the international community as well as Mediterranean countries. This forum highlights the importance of growing renewable energy applications in two main sectors: Electricity Generation and the Sustainable Building Sector. In-depth chapters highlight the most current research and technological breakthroughs, covering a broad range of renewable energy technologies and applications in all sectors – for electricity production, heating and cooling, agricultural applications, water desalination, industrial applications and for the transport sectors.
Micro-hydro Power
Author: Peter Fraenkel
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781853390296
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Guides the reader systematically through the basic methods of hydrology and site survey and describes how to set up an appropriate scheme, with detailed technical information; also covers the essential economic considerations and maintenance requirements.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781853390296
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Guides the reader systematically through the basic methods of hydrology and site survey and describes how to set up an appropriate scheme, with detailed technical information; also covers the essential economic considerations and maintenance requirements.
Hydraulics and Its Applications
Author: Arnold Hartley Gibson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Hydraulic machinery
Languages : en
Pages : 784
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Hydraulic machinery
Languages : en
Pages : 784
Book Description
Micro-hydropower Sourcebook
Author: Allen R. Inversin
Publisher: Intermediate Technology
ISBN: 9780946688487
Category : Hydroelectric power plants
Languages : en
Pages : 285
Book Description
Publisher: Intermediate Technology
ISBN: 9780946688487
Category : Hydroelectric power plants
Languages : en
Pages : 285
Book Description
Summary of Low Speed Airfoil Data
Author: Michael S. Selig
Publisher: Soartech
ISBN:
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 320
Book Description
Publisher: Soartech
ISBN:
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 320
Book Description
High Tide on Main Street
Author: John Englander
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780615637952
Category : Climatic changes
Languages : en
Pages : 219
Book Description
NEW 2nd Edition (10-16-13) of best selling book that described a superstorm hitting Atlantic City and New York City -- exactly one week before Sandy. Just one of dozens of scenarios in this amazing book. Find out the other forecasts. Rave reviews from experts and Amazon readers. Fully updated and revised. New Introduction by Governor Christine Todd Whitman. For 6,000 years sea level has changed little. Now it it has started rising again, moving the shoreline too. In clear, easy-to-understand language, this book explains: * The science behind sea level rise, plus the myths and partial truths used to confuse the issue. * The surprising forces that will cause sea level to rise for 1,000 years, as well as the possibility of catastrophic rise this century. * Why the devastating economic effects will not be limited to the coasts. * Why coastal property values will go "underwater" long before the land does, perhaps as early as this decade. * Five points of "intelligent adaptation" that can help individuals, businesses, and communities protect investments now and in the future.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780615637952
Category : Climatic changes
Languages : en
Pages : 219
Book Description
NEW 2nd Edition (10-16-13) of best selling book that described a superstorm hitting Atlantic City and New York City -- exactly one week before Sandy. Just one of dozens of scenarios in this amazing book. Find out the other forecasts. Rave reviews from experts and Amazon readers. Fully updated and revised. New Introduction by Governor Christine Todd Whitman. For 6,000 years sea level has changed little. Now it it has started rising again, moving the shoreline too. In clear, easy-to-understand language, this book explains: * The science behind sea level rise, plus the myths and partial truths used to confuse the issue. * The surprising forces that will cause sea level to rise for 1,000 years, as well as the possibility of catastrophic rise this century. * Why the devastating economic effects will not be limited to the coasts. * Why coastal property values will go "underwater" long before the land does, perhaps as early as this decade. * Five points of "intelligent adaptation" that can help individuals, businesses, and communities protect investments now and in the future.