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Author: Hodaka Morita Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 31
Book Description
This paper explores a new model of firm dynamics that incorporates workers, their accumulation of specific human capital, and their mobility. A firm's production efficiency is determined by the levels of its managerial capability and its workers' firm-specific human capital in the model. Elaborating on the connection between firm dynamics and specific human capital, I show that the importance of managerial capability systematically influences firm dynamics and employment practices. The model offers a new perspective on the welfare consequences of apparently anticompetitive entry restrictions. By incorporating a government that can enforce entry regulations in the model, I demonstrate that entry restrictions can improve welfare by mitigating the underinvestment problem in specific human capital. The model's empirical and policy implications are also discussed.
Author: Hodaka Morita Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 31
Book Description
This paper explores a new model of firm dynamics that incorporates workers, their accumulation of specific human capital, and their mobility. A firm's production efficiency is determined by the levels of its managerial capability and its workers' firm-specific human capital in the model. Elaborating on the connection between firm dynamics and specific human capital, I show that the importance of managerial capability systematically influences firm dynamics and employment practices. The model offers a new perspective on the welfare consequences of apparently anticompetitive entry restrictions. By incorporating a government that can enforce entry regulations in the model, I demonstrate that entry restrictions can improve welfare by mitigating the underinvestment problem in specific human capital. The model's empirical and policy implications are also discussed.
Author: Dongchen Zhao Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
This dissertation consists of three chapters. The first chapter concerns the secular changes in the U.S. firm size distribution and firm dynamics. This chapter sets up a quantitative model of firm dynamics with debt heterogeneity to study the implications of changes in real interest rates for the firm size distribution and firm dynamics. It shows that the decline in long-term real interest rates since the early 1980s can account for a significant fraction of the shift in employment shares to large firms as well as the decline in firms per capita and firm entry rates experienced in the U.S. over the same period. In the model, firms endogenously choose financial intermediaries issuing debt with either earnings-based (EBC) or asset-based (ABC) borrowing constraints. The two types of constraints arise naturally from the imperfect enforceability of debt contracts and are in line with recent empirical findings. A decline in real interest rates benefits firms with EBC more because they are not constrained by their assets and can expand more due to increased earnings. Since firms with higher earnings optimally choose earnings-based lending, the decline in real interest rates shifts employment shares to larger firms. Moreover, the growth of large firms crowds out smaller firms and firm entry through general equilibrium effects. The paper tests the mechanism in cross-country data from the OECD and finds a stronger association between the decline in real interest rates and changes in firm dynamics, especially in countries with deeper credit markets. In the second chapter, I study the effects of government regulations on firm dynamism. The impact of government regulations on the economy is a central topic in policy debates. However, due to the endogeneity of regulations and challenges in measuring them, these debates remain contentious. This paper establishes the causal effects of government regulations on firm dynamism by employing a novel shift-share (Bartik) instrument in conjunction with the RegData dataset, which quantifies regulations based on the text of federal regulatory documents. The primary assumption for identification is that, for each sector, the exposure to regulations from different government agencies at the beginning of the period is exogenous to any confounding factors. The findings reveal that government regulatory restrictions significantly increase firm exit rates and discourage the formation of establishments, while having no substantial impact on firm entry. Furthermore, these restrictions contribute to reduced job creation, elevated job destruction, and diminished overall employment. These effects are consistently observed across various age groups. The results lend support to the idea that government regulations can raise production costs for firms and/or enhance the monopolistic power of certain companies. Both mechanisms can diminish the profits of affected firms, leading to increased firm exit rates and reduced labor demand. Additionally, the findings refute the interpretation of regulations as solely serving as entry barriers. The final chapter of the dissertation investigates the labor market outcomes for involuntary part-time workers and their subsequent effects on welfare levels. Through an analysis of survey data, I demonstrate that involuntary part-time workers exhibit reservation wages comparable to those of unemployed workers. This similarity largely stems from parallel wage offers and offer arrival rates. Contrary to previous research, this finding indicates that involuntary part-time workers experience welfare levels akin to unemployed workers. One possible explanation for this discrepancy lies in the methodology of prior studies. Conclusions drawn from earlier research, which primarily focused on the faster transition of involuntary part-time workers into full-time positions compared to other workers, may be flawed. This is because these workers also tend to revert to their previous job types at a faster rate. To further explore the implications of these discoveries, I employ a quantitative search model. The calibrated model supports the assertion that involuntary part-time workers experience welfare levels similar to those of unemployed workers. Furthermore, the model suggests that neither extending unemployment insurance to part-time workers nor enhancing the likelihood that unemployed workers transition to part-time positions would effectively increase the prevalence of full-time employment
Author: Adrien G. Bilal Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
This paper develops a random-matching model of a frictional labor market with firm and worker dynamics. Multi-worker firms choose whether to shrink or expand their employment in response to shocks to their decreasing returns to scale technology. Growing entails posting costly vacancies, which are filled either by the unemployed or by employees poached from other firms. Firms also choose when to enter and exit the market. Tractability is obtained by proving that, under a parsimonious set of assumptions, all workers' and firm decisions are characterized by their joint marginal surplus, which in turn only depends on the firm's productivity and size. As frictions vanish, the model converges to a standard competitive model of firm dynamics which allows a quantification of the misallocation cost of labor market frictions. An estimated version of the model yields cross-sectional patterns of net poaching by firm characteristics (e.g., age and size) that are in line with the micro data. The model also generates a drop in job-to-job transitions as firm entry declines, offering an interpretation to U.S. labor market dynamics around the Great Recession. All these outcomes are a reflection of the job ladder in marginal surplus that emerges in equilibrium.
Author: Adrien Bilal Publisher: ISBN: Category : Business enterprises Languages : en Pages : 124
Book Description
This paper develops a random-matching model of a frictional labor market with firm and worker dynamics. Multi-worker firms choose whether to shrink or expand their employment in response to shocks to their decreasing returns to scale technology. Growing entails posting costly vacancies, which are filled either by the unemployed or by employees poached from other firms. Firms also choose when to enter and exit the market. Tractability is obtained by proving that, under a parsimonious set of assumptions, all workers' and firm decisions are characterized by their joint marginal surplus, which in turn only depends on the firm's productivity and size. As frictions vanish, the model converges to a standard competitive model of firm dynamics which allows a quantification of the misallocation cost of labor market frictions. An estimated version of the model yields cross-sectional patterns of net poaching by firm characteristics (e.g., age and size) that are in line with the micro data. The model also generates a drop in job-to-job transitions as firm entry declines, offering an interpretation to U.S. labor market dynamics around the Great Recession. All these outcomes are a reflection of the job ladder in marginal surplus that emerges in equilibrium.
Author: Joyce Jacobsen Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1405142308 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 586
Book Description
This innovative text grounds the economic analysis of labor markets and employment relationships in a unified theoretical treatment of labor exchange conditions. In addition to providing thorough coverage of standard topics including labor supply and demand, human capital theory, and compensating wage differentials, the text draws on game theory and the economics of information to study the implications of key departures from perfectly competitive labor market conditions. Analytical results are consistently applied to contemporary policy issues and empirical debates. Provides a coherent theoretical framework for the analysis of labor market phenomena Features graphical in-chapter analysis supplemented by technical material in appendices Incorporates numerous end-of-chapter questions that engage the analysis and anticipate subsequent results Includes innovative chapters on employee compensation methods, market segmentation, income inequality and labor market dynamics Balances theoretical, empirical and policy analysis
Author: A. Kerem Coşar Publisher: ISBN: Category : Free trade Languages : en Pages : 50
Book Description
This paper explores the combined effects of reductions in trade frictions, tariffs, and firing costs on firm dynamics, job turnover, and wage distributions. It uses establishment-level data from Colombia to estimate an open economy dynamic model that links trade to job flows in a new way. The fitted model captures key features of Colombian firm dynamics and labor market outcomes, as well changes in these features during the past 25 years. Counterfactual experiments imply that integration with global product markets has increased both average income and job turnover in Colombia. In contrast, the experiments find little role for this country's labor market reforms in driving these variables. The results speak more generally to the effects of globalization on labor markets in Latin America and elsewhere.
Author: Umberto Muratori Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
The two chapters of this dissertation explore two central topics of the current policy debate.The first chapter studies the increase in markups experienced in the US starting from the 1980s. I document new facts on the evolution of markups by cohorts of firms, and I provide evidence that these patterns are linked to knowledge creation and knowledge diffusion. This chapter investigates, through the lens of a structural model, how the size of the technological gap and the speed of catching up with the frontier affect welfare. The quantitative results suggest that knowledge diffuses 38% faster in 2010 than in 1980, and the household experiences a consumption-equivalent welfare gain of 0.29% in an economy in which the quality of innovation and the intensity of knowledge diffusion is set at the 2010 values rather than the 1980 values.The second chapter investigates the impact of extensions in unemployment benefits duration on labor market sorting. The findings provide support for the hypothesis that unemployment insurance benefits increase wages by improving the employee-employer matches. The results also show bigger effects of unemployment insurance benefits extensions on match quality for those more likely to be liquidity constrained such as women, non-whites, and less-educated workers.
Author: Leo Kaas Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 48
Book Description
The introduction of firm size into labor search models raises the question how wages are set when average and marginal product differ. We develop and analyze an alternative to the existing bargaining framework: Firms compete for labor by publicly posting long-term contracts. In such a competitive search setting, firms achieve faster growth not only by posting more vacancies, but also by offering higher lifetime wages that attract more workers which allows to fill vacancies with higher probability, consistent with empirical regularities. The model also captures several other observations about firm size, job flows, and pay. In contrast to bargaining models, efficiency obtains on all margins of job creation and destruction, both with idiosyncratic and aggregate shocks. The planner solution allows a tractable characterization which is useful for computational applications.
Author: Hodaka Morita
Author: Hodaka Morita
Author: Dongchen Zhao
Author: Adrien G. Bilal
Author: Leo Kaas
Author: Adrien Bilal
Author: Joyce Jacobsen
Author: A. Kerem Coşar
Author: Umberto Muratori
Author: Bihemo Francis Kimasa
Author: Leo Kaas