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Author: Dennis J. Mahar Publisher: ISBN: Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 84
Book Description
Brazil's system of intergovernmental fiscal relations has, with some minor exceptions, remained unchanged for almost two decades. Economic, social and political conditions in the country, however, have undergone profound transformations during the same period. This paper investigates whether the mechanisms, established during the 1960s, for financing state and local governments are still adequate in the environment of the 1980s. The main conclusion is that they are not, and that certain fiscal adjustments are called for in order to bring resource availability at the subnational level more into line with functional responsibilities. Given the extreme intra- and interregional economic disparities prevailing in Brazil, special attention is given to the fiscal problems of governments in poorer regions. The methodology used in this report focuses attention on the extent to which the intergovernmental fiscal system has achieved and maintained vertical balance, the balance between resource availability and functional responsibilities at each of the various levels of government, and horizontal balance, the balance between resources and responsibilities at given levels of government in different parts of the country.
Author: Dennis J. Mahar Publisher: ISBN: Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 84
Book Description
Brazil's system of intergovernmental fiscal relations has, with some minor exceptions, remained unchanged for almost two decades. Economic, social and political conditions in the country, however, have undergone profound transformations during the same period. This paper investigates whether the mechanisms, established during the 1960s, for financing state and local governments are still adequate in the environment of the 1980s. The main conclusion is that they are not, and that certain fiscal adjustments are called for in order to bring resource availability at the subnational level more into line with functional responsibilities. Given the extreme intra- and interregional economic disparities prevailing in Brazil, special attention is given to the fiscal problems of governments in poorer regions. The methodology used in this report focuses attention on the extent to which the intergovernmental fiscal system has achieved and maintained vertical balance, the balance between resource availability and functional responsibilities at each of the various levels of government, and horizontal balance, the balance between resources and responsibilities at given levels of government in different parts of the country.
Author: Anne G. Hanley Publisher: University of Chicago Press ISBN: 022653510X Category : History Languages : en Pages : 309
Book Description
Who and what a government taxes, and how the government spends the money collected, are questions of primary concern to governments large and small, national and local. When public revenues pay for high-quality infrastructure and social services, citizens thrive and crises are averted. When public revenues are inadequate to provide those goods, inequality thrives and communities can verge into unrest—as evidenced by the riots during Greece’s financial meltdown and by the needless loss of life in Haiti’s collapse in the wake of the earthquake. In The Public Good and the Brazilian State, Anne G. Hanley assembles an economic history of public revenues as they developed in nineteenth-century Brazil. Specifically, Hanley investigates the financial life of the municipality—a district comparable to the county in the United States—to understand how the local state organized and prioritized the provision of public services, what revenues paid for those services, and what happened when the revenues collected failed to satisfy local needs. Through detailed analyses of municipal ordinances, mayoral reports, citizen complaints, and financial documents, Hanley sheds light on the evolution of public finance and its effect on the early economic development of Brazilian society. This deeply researched book offers valuable insights for anyone seeking to better understand how municipal finance informs histories of inequality and underdevelopment.
Author: Rachel Elizabeth Gardner Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 366
Book Description
This dissertation studies local public finance in Brazil, with a focus on how federal and state government policies affect local spending and revenue generation. In Chapter I, I provide a descriptive analysis of local public finance in Brazil, with a focus on local revenue generation. In addition to describing the system of public finance in Brazil from a municipal perspective, I discuss the major challenges facing local governments in Brazil and in other low and middle income countries and present the reader with a descriptive picture of local revenue generation in Brazilian municipalities using publicly available data on municipal accounting records, municipal population and GDP, and municipal revenue generation infrastructure and administration. In Chapter II, I study the relationship between intergovernmental transfers and local revenue generation in Brazil. A major consideration in designing an intergovernmental transfer system is the concern that government transfers may "crowd out" local revenue generation. While traditional public finance theory suggests that this will be the case, empirical findings often refute this theoretical prediction in favor of the so-called Flypaper Effect. I take advantage of exogenous changes to state formulas determining the municipalities' share of value-added tax resources as an instrument for endogenous transfers to estimate local revenue generation responses to transfers. I find no evidence that government transfers reduce local per capita revenue generation in the context of two states in Northeastern Brazil, contributing to the limited body of rigorous evidence finding that intergovernmental transfers do not necessarily reduce incentives for local revenue generation and that the Flypaper Effect can indeed exist in certain contexts. In Chapter III, I measure the impact of Brazil's personnel expenditure limits imposed as a component of its Law of Fiscal Responsibility, implemented in 2001. Personnel expenditure limitations require that municipalities spend no more than 60% of liquid current receipts on personnel. I measure the expenditure limit's impacts on a series of public finance outcomes by comparing changes in outcomes among those bound by the limits (those that were initially above the limit) to those just below the limit using a difference-in-difference regression framework with municipality fixed effects and controlling for state-specific flexible time trends. Chapter III adds to the large body of literature examining the impacts of tax and expenditure limits (TELs) but is one of the few to do so outside of the US context. It is also one of the few studies of expenditure limitations rather than tax limitations, as most of the US TELs are focused on limiting taxation rather than spending. While Brazil's personnel expenditure limits are generally successful in reducing personnel expenditures, municipalities seem to be substituting non-personnel expenditures for personnel expenditures rather than slowing the growth of total expenditures. At the same time, the expenditure limits seem to encourage municipalities to ease their spending constraints by increasing revenues where they can. The net effect is a small but significant reduction in deficit spending.
Author: George E Peterson Publisher: SAGE ISBN: 0761935649 Category : Social Science Languages : en Pages : 350
Book Description
This book highlights the need to boost infrastructure investment in cities as also the necessity for fiscal management across all levels of government-within the context of decentralizing service delivery responsibilities. The volume provides case studies reflecting various viewpoints and a range of success and failure stories from five countries. The topics covered include: - Impact of political and fiscal decentralization - Limitations on borrowing - Managing moral hazard - The role of the financial sector in striking a balance between controls and encouraging the local government to maintain fiscal discipline
Author: Luiz de Mello Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
This paper discusses trends in fiscal adjustment in Brazil since the 1990s, with particular emphasis on the strengthening of institutions for fiscal policymaking, and its effect on local government finances and their ability to invest in infrastructure building and upgrading. Although fiscal adjustment, which is ongoing, has taken a toll on the government's ability to finance much-needed infrastructure investment, it is not the only culprit. A lack of budget flexibility, against a backdrop of increasing downward rigidities in current spending, also constrains the government's ability to invest. The paper argues that regulatory uncertainty in many sectors, particularly water and sanitation, in which the municipalities play a leading role, has discouraged private sector investment and that the financing of infrastructure building and upgrading goes beyond the municipal level of government. Higher-level jurisdictions are responsible for financing investment in energy and transport infrastructure, for example.
Author: Sieglinde Jornitz Publisher: ISBN: 9783319934433 Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
This handbook focuses on and compares the education systems in the three Americas: North, Central and South America, and includes a chapter on most countries in the region. The chapters follow a common structure and include schematic diagrams of the structure of mainstream education from pre-primary to tertiary level. Each chapter starts with a description of the historical and social foundations of the education system from the post-World War II period up to today, including political, economic and cultural contexts and conditions. By highlighting important dates and structural decisions, the current education system can be understood as resulting from past developments. The first part ends with a description of the transitions to the labour market that are offered, and the way in which these are organized in the education system described. The second part consists of an overview of the institutional and organizational principles as well as the structure of education from pre-primary to tertiary level. It includes a focus on legislative bases and financial provisions for the education system and a description of the structure by using the ISCED-classification. It further includes information of the supply of human resources such as teachers and other educators. The third and final part of the handbook discusses selected educational trends and aspects. In this context, three topics are of particular interest: dealing with inequality, ICT and digitization activities, and STEM-related policies and programmes.
Author: Lourdes Sola Publisher: Centre for Brazilian Studies ISBN: Category : Brasilien Languages : en Pages : 396
Book Description
Banking and finance are often studied as specialized domains, governed by their own esoteric rules and concepts, and best cordoned off from broader comparative, historical and political considerations. This book develops an alternative approach. It focuses on the recent, strikingly deviant, experience of Brazil but goes well beyond that single case. It assesses financial sector reform and the consolidation of legitimate monetary authority in an era of globalization and democratization, and advocates the adoption of a holistic and contextualized perspective. It explores the cumulative potential of an incremental 'statecrafting' approach, in contrast to recently fashionable technical 'fixes' such as the idea that central bank independence provides a reliable and universal remedy for all monetary ills.
Author: Dennis J. Mahar
Author: Dennis J. Mahar
Author: Anne G. Hanley
Author: Rachel Elizabeth Gardner
Author: Anwar Shah
Author: George E Peterson
Author: Luiz de Mello
Author: Sieglinde Jornitz
Author: Naomi Enid Slack
Author: Kenneth T. Cann
Author: Lourdes Sola