Author: William N. Zelman
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470522895
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 643
Book Description
Thoroughly revised, this third edition of Financial Management of Health Care Organizations offers an introduction to the most-used tools and techniques of health care financial management. Comprehensive in scope, the book covers a broad range of topics that include an overview of the health care system and evolving reimbursement methodologies; health care accounting and financial statements; managing cash, billings, and collections; the time value of money and analyzing and financing major capital investments; determining cost and using cost information in decision-making; budgeting and performance measurement; and pricing. In addition, this new edition includes information on new laws and regulations that affect health care financial reporting and performance, revenue cycle management expansion of health care services into new arenas, benchmarking, interest rate swaps, bond ratings, auditing, and internal control. This important resource also contains information on the 2007 Healthcare Audit Guide of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). Written to be accessible, the book avoids complicated formulas. Chapter appendices offer advanced, in-depth information on the subject matter. Each chapter provides a detailed outline, a summary, and key terms, and includes problems in the context of real-world situations and events that clearly illustrate the concepts presented. Problem sets that end each chapter have been updated and expanded to support more in-depth learning of the chapters’ concepts. An Instructor’s Manual, available online, contains PowerPoint and Excel files.
Financial Management of Health Care Organizations
Author: William N. Zelman
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470522895
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 643
Book Description
Thoroughly revised, this third edition of Financial Management of Health Care Organizations offers an introduction to the most-used tools and techniques of health care financial management. Comprehensive in scope, the book covers a broad range of topics that include an overview of the health care system and evolving reimbursement methodologies; health care accounting and financial statements; managing cash, billings, and collections; the time value of money and analyzing and financing major capital investments; determining cost and using cost information in decision-making; budgeting and performance measurement; and pricing. In addition, this new edition includes information on new laws and regulations that affect health care financial reporting and performance, revenue cycle management expansion of health care services into new arenas, benchmarking, interest rate swaps, bond ratings, auditing, and internal control. This important resource also contains information on the 2007 Healthcare Audit Guide of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). Written to be accessible, the book avoids complicated formulas. Chapter appendices offer advanced, in-depth information on the subject matter. Each chapter provides a detailed outline, a summary, and key terms, and includes problems in the context of real-world situations and events that clearly illustrate the concepts presented. Problem sets that end each chapter have been updated and expanded to support more in-depth learning of the chapters’ concepts. An Instructor’s Manual, available online, contains PowerPoint and Excel files.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470522895
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 643
Book Description
Thoroughly revised, this third edition of Financial Management of Health Care Organizations offers an introduction to the most-used tools and techniques of health care financial management. Comprehensive in scope, the book covers a broad range of topics that include an overview of the health care system and evolving reimbursement methodologies; health care accounting and financial statements; managing cash, billings, and collections; the time value of money and analyzing and financing major capital investments; determining cost and using cost information in decision-making; budgeting and performance measurement; and pricing. In addition, this new edition includes information on new laws and regulations that affect health care financial reporting and performance, revenue cycle management expansion of health care services into new arenas, benchmarking, interest rate swaps, bond ratings, auditing, and internal control. This important resource also contains information on the 2007 Healthcare Audit Guide of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). Written to be accessible, the book avoids complicated formulas. Chapter appendices offer advanced, in-depth information on the subject matter. Each chapter provides a detailed outline, a summary, and key terms, and includes problems in the context of real-world situations and events that clearly illustrate the concepts presented. Problem sets that end each chapter have been updated and expanded to support more in-depth learning of the chapters’ concepts. An Instructor’s Manual, available online, contains PowerPoint and Excel files.
Financial Management in the Public Sector
Author: Wang
Publisher: M.E. Sharpe
ISBN: 0765628996
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 251
Book Description
The impact of the global financial crisis on government funds has been significant, with squeezed budgets having to satisfy ever-increasing demands for public services. Managers working in the public sector are confronted daily with targets and demands that are often set in confusing accounting and financial language. In Financial Management and Accounting in the Public Sector, Gary Bandy employs a clear and concise narrative to introduce the core concepts of accounting and financial management in the public sector and how to deliver services that represent value for money. This second edition has been revised and updated throughout, offering: an increased focus on post-crisis austerity more international examples of public financial management greater coverage of governance, accountability and risk management With a glossary of terms to help managers understand and be understood by accountants, as well as learning objectives, case studies and discussion questions, this practical textbook will help students of public management and administration to understand the financial and accounting aspects of managing public services.
Publisher: M.E. Sharpe
ISBN: 0765628996
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 251
Book Description
The impact of the global financial crisis on government funds has been significant, with squeezed budgets having to satisfy ever-increasing demands for public services. Managers working in the public sector are confronted daily with targets and demands that are often set in confusing accounting and financial language. In Financial Management and Accounting in the Public Sector, Gary Bandy employs a clear and concise narrative to introduce the core concepts of accounting and financial management in the public sector and how to deliver services that represent value for money. This second edition has been revised and updated throughout, offering: an increased focus on post-crisis austerity more international examples of public financial management greater coverage of governance, accountability and risk management With a glossary of terms to help managers understand and be understood by accountants, as well as learning objectives, case studies and discussion questions, this practical textbook will help students of public management and administration to understand the financial and accounting aspects of managing public services.
Finance for Nonfinancial Managers, Second Edition (Briefcase Books Series)
Author: Gene Siciliano
Publisher: McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN: 0071824375
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 269
Book Description
AN INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL REPORTS--WITH NEW TACTICS FOR BUDGETING AND PINPOINTING KEY FINANCIAL AREAS Financial decisions impact virtually every area of your company. As a manager, it's up to you to understand how and why. Finance for Nonfinancial Managers helps you understand the information in essential financial reports and then shows you how to use that understanding to make informed, intelligent decisions. It provides a solid working knowledge of: Basic Financial Reports--All about balance sheets, income statements, cash flow statements, and more Cost Accounting--Methods to assess which products or services are most profitable to your firm Operational Planning and Budgeting--Ways to use financial knowledge to strengthen your company Briefcase Books, written specifically for today's busy manager, feature eye-catching icons, checklists, and sidebars to guide managers step-by-step through everyday workplace situations. Look for these innovative design features to help you navigate through each page: Key Terms: Clear defi nitions of key terms and concepts Smart Managing: Tactics and strategies for managing change Tricks of the Trade: Tips for executing the tactics in the book Mistake Proofing: Practical advice for minimizing the possibility of error Caution: Warning signs for when things are about to go wrong For Example: Examples of successful change-management tactics Tools: Specific planning procedures, tactics, and hands-on techniques
Publisher: McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN: 0071824375
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 269
Book Description
AN INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL REPORTS--WITH NEW TACTICS FOR BUDGETING AND PINPOINTING KEY FINANCIAL AREAS Financial decisions impact virtually every area of your company. As a manager, it's up to you to understand how and why. Finance for Nonfinancial Managers helps you understand the information in essential financial reports and then shows you how to use that understanding to make informed, intelligent decisions. It provides a solid working knowledge of: Basic Financial Reports--All about balance sheets, income statements, cash flow statements, and more Cost Accounting--Methods to assess which products or services are most profitable to your firm Operational Planning and Budgeting--Ways to use financial knowledge to strengthen your company Briefcase Books, written specifically for today's busy manager, feature eye-catching icons, checklists, and sidebars to guide managers step-by-step through everyday workplace situations. Look for these innovative design features to help you navigate through each page: Key Terms: Clear defi nitions of key terms and concepts Smart Managing: Tactics and strategies for managing change Tricks of the Trade: Tips for executing the tactics in the book Mistake Proofing: Practical advice for minimizing the possibility of error Caution: Warning signs for when things are about to go wrong For Example: Examples of successful change-management tactics Tools: Specific planning procedures, tactics, and hands-on techniques
Financial Intelligence, Revised Edition
Author: Karen Berman
Publisher: Harvard Business Review Press
ISBN: 1422144119
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 304
Book Description
Explains what business numbers mean and why they matter, and addresses issues that have become more important in recent years, including questions about the financial crisis and accounting literacy.
Publisher: Harvard Business Review Press
ISBN: 1422144119
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 304
Book Description
Explains what business numbers mean and why they matter, and addresses issues that have become more important in recent years, including questions about the financial crisis and accounting literacy.
Fundamentals of Finance
Author: Mustafa Akan
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN: 3110705400
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 336
Book Description
Finance is the study of how individuals, institutions, governments, and businesses acquire, spend, and manage their money and other financial assets to maximize their value or wealth. Fundamentals of Finance introduces the nuances of finance in a comprehensive yet concise manner and is essential reading for professionals building a career in finance or for students taking a course in finance. The book consists of four parts: Part I: "Introduction to Finance, Money and Interest Rates, and Time Value of Money" focuses on the role financial markets play in the financial system and financial basics that underlie how markets operate. Part II: "Investments and Portfolio Management" discusses the characteristics of stocks and bonds, how securities are valued, the operations of securities markets, formation of optimal portfolios, and derivatives. Part III: "Financial Management/Corporate Finance" explores financial planning, asset management, and fund-raising activities that will enhance a firm’s value. Part IV: "Management of Financial Institutions" focuses on management of financial institutions in general, and risk management in financial institutions in particular. The book’s many examples, appendices, graphs and tables provide valuable know-how to a wide audience, making it an excellent resource for professionals as well as students who wish to attain a broad understanding of finance. Please contact [email protected] to request additional instructional material comprising a chapter-wise listing of questions and answers.
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN: 3110705400
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 336
Book Description
Finance is the study of how individuals, institutions, governments, and businesses acquire, spend, and manage their money and other financial assets to maximize their value or wealth. Fundamentals of Finance introduces the nuances of finance in a comprehensive yet concise manner and is essential reading for professionals building a career in finance or for students taking a course in finance. The book consists of four parts: Part I: "Introduction to Finance, Money and Interest Rates, and Time Value of Money" focuses on the role financial markets play in the financial system and financial basics that underlie how markets operate. Part II: "Investments and Portfolio Management" discusses the characteristics of stocks and bonds, how securities are valued, the operations of securities markets, formation of optimal portfolios, and derivatives. Part III: "Financial Management/Corporate Finance" explores financial planning, asset management, and fund-raising activities that will enhance a firm’s value. Part IV: "Management of Financial Institutions" focuses on management of financial institutions in general, and risk management in financial institutions in particular. The book’s many examples, appendices, graphs and tables provide valuable know-how to a wide audience, making it an excellent resource for professionals as well as students who wish to attain a broad understanding of finance. Please contact [email protected] to request additional instructional material comprising a chapter-wise listing of questions and answers.
Health Care Finance
Author: Judith J. Baker
Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Publishers
ISBN: 1449687288
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 569
Book Description
Health Care Finance: Basic Tools for Nonfinancial Managers is the most practical financial management text for those who need basic financial management knowledge and a better understanding of healthcare finance in particular. Using actual examples from hospitals, long-term care facilities, and home health agencies, this user-friendly text includes practical information for the nonfinancial manager charged with budgeting. The Fourth Edition offers: - An expanded chapter on Electronic Records Adoption: Financial Management Tools & Decisions - New chapter: "ICD-10 Adoption and Healthcare Computer Systems" - New chapter: "Other Technology Adoption and Management Decisions" - New chapter: "Strategic Planning and the Healthcare Financial Manager" - New case study: "Strategic Planning in Long-Term Care" that connects with the chapter on strategic planning - New appendix: "Appendix C: Employment Opportunities in Healthcare Finance"
Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Publishers
ISBN: 1449687288
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 569
Book Description
Health Care Finance: Basic Tools for Nonfinancial Managers is the most practical financial management text for those who need basic financial management knowledge and a better understanding of healthcare finance in particular. Using actual examples from hospitals, long-term care facilities, and home health agencies, this user-friendly text includes practical information for the nonfinancial manager charged with budgeting. The Fourth Edition offers: - An expanded chapter on Electronic Records Adoption: Financial Management Tools & Decisions - New chapter: "ICD-10 Adoption and Healthcare Computer Systems" - New chapter: "Other Technology Adoption and Management Decisions" - New chapter: "Strategic Planning and the Healthcare Financial Manager" - New case study: "Strategic Planning in Long-Term Care" that connects with the chapter on strategic planning - New appendix: "Appendix C: Employment Opportunities in Healthcare Finance"
Lessons in Corporate Finance
Author: Paul Asquith
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119207428
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 595
Book Description
A discussion-based learning approach to corporate finance fundamentals Lessons in Corporate Finance explains the fundamentals of the field in an intuitive way, using a unique Socratic question and answer approach. Written by award-winning professors at M.I.T. and Tufts, this book draws on years of research and teaching to deliver a truly interactive learning experience. Each case study is designed to facilitate class discussion, based on a series of increasingly detailed questions and answers that reinforce conceptual insights with numerical examples. Complete coverage of all areas of corporate finance includes capital structure and financing needs along with project and company valuation, with specific guidance on vital topics such as ratios and pro formas, dividends, debt maturity, asymmetric information, and more. Corporate finance is a complex field composed of a broad variety of sub-disciplines, each involving a specific skill set and nuanced body of knowledge. This text is designed to give you an intuitive understanding of the fundamentals to provide a solid foundation for more advanced study. Identify sources of funding and corporate capital structure Learn how managers increase the firm's value to shareholders Understand the tools and analysis methods used for allocation Explore the five methods of valuation with free cash flow to firm and equity Navigating the intricate operations of corporate finance requires a deep and instinctual understanding of the broad concepts and practical methods used every day. Interactive, discussion-based learning forces you to go beyond memorization and actually apply what you know, simultaneously developing your knowledge, skills, and instincts. Lessons in Corporate Finance provides a unique opportunity to go beyond traditional textbook study and gain skills that are useful in the field.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119207428
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 595
Book Description
A discussion-based learning approach to corporate finance fundamentals Lessons in Corporate Finance explains the fundamentals of the field in an intuitive way, using a unique Socratic question and answer approach. Written by award-winning professors at M.I.T. and Tufts, this book draws on years of research and teaching to deliver a truly interactive learning experience. Each case study is designed to facilitate class discussion, based on a series of increasingly detailed questions and answers that reinforce conceptual insights with numerical examples. Complete coverage of all areas of corporate finance includes capital structure and financing needs along with project and company valuation, with specific guidance on vital topics such as ratios and pro formas, dividends, debt maturity, asymmetric information, and more. Corporate finance is a complex field composed of a broad variety of sub-disciplines, each involving a specific skill set and nuanced body of knowledge. This text is designed to give you an intuitive understanding of the fundamentals to provide a solid foundation for more advanced study. Identify sources of funding and corporate capital structure Learn how managers increase the firm's value to shareholders Understand the tools and analysis methods used for allocation Explore the five methods of valuation with free cash flow to firm and equity Navigating the intricate operations of corporate finance requires a deep and instinctual understanding of the broad concepts and practical methods used every day. Interactive, discussion-based learning forces you to go beyond memorization and actually apply what you know, simultaneously developing your knowledge, skills, and instincts. Lessons in Corporate Finance provides a unique opportunity to go beyond traditional textbook study and gain skills that are useful in the field.
How to Swing Trade
Author: Brian Pezim
Publisher: Independently Published
ISBN: 9781726631754
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 320
Book Description
Swing trading is a type of trading in which you hold positions in stocks or other investments over a period of time that can range from one day to a few weeks or more. If you are a beginner trader, this book will equip you with an understanding of where to start, how to start, what to expect from swing trading, and how you can develop your own strategy based on your personal goals. If you are a trader with some existing experience, this book will give you some insights on the author's approach to swing trading, rules that I follow and some strategies that I have used over the years to make profitable trades. In this book you will learn....➢What is swing trading and how does it differs from other trading strategies➢Why swing trading might be a better trading approach for you➢What tools you will need to swing trade as well as choosing a broker➢How to manage your money and the risks of trading➢How to perform some basic fundamental analysis on companies➢Charting basics followed by a presentation on some of the more popular technical analysis tools used to identify and make profitable trades➢Chart patterns that provide trading opportunities➢A number of swing trading strategies that can be used by both novices to more experienced traders➢Getting good entries and exits on trades to maximize gains➢How to run your trading activities like a business including some rules and routines to follow as a successful traderI sincerely hope that you find value in the contents of this book and that it helps you toward achieving your goals and objectives in the trading world.
Publisher: Independently Published
ISBN: 9781726631754
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 320
Book Description
Swing trading is a type of trading in which you hold positions in stocks or other investments over a period of time that can range from one day to a few weeks or more. If you are a beginner trader, this book will equip you with an understanding of where to start, how to start, what to expect from swing trading, and how you can develop your own strategy based on your personal goals. If you are a trader with some existing experience, this book will give you some insights on the author's approach to swing trading, rules that I follow and some strategies that I have used over the years to make profitable trades. In this book you will learn....➢What is swing trading and how does it differs from other trading strategies➢Why swing trading might be a better trading approach for you➢What tools you will need to swing trade as well as choosing a broker➢How to manage your money and the risks of trading➢How to perform some basic fundamental analysis on companies➢Charting basics followed by a presentation on some of the more popular technical analysis tools used to identify and make profitable trades➢Chart patterns that provide trading opportunities➢A number of swing trading strategies that can be used by both novices to more experienced traders➢Getting good entries and exits on trades to maximize gains➢How to run your trading activities like a business including some rules and routines to follow as a successful traderI sincerely hope that you find value in the contents of this book and that it helps you toward achieving your goals and objectives in the trading world.
The Total Money Makeover: Classic Edition
Author: Dave Ramsey
Publisher: Thomas Nelson
ISBN: 1595555285
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 266
Book Description
Do you want to build a budget that actually works for you? Are you ready to transform your relationship with money? This New York Times bestseller has already helped millions of people just like you learn how to develop everyday money-saving habits with the help of America's favorite personal finance expert, Dave Ramsey. By now, you've already heard all of the nutty get-rich-quick schemes and the fiscal diet fads that leave you with a lot of quirky ideas but not a penny in your pocket. If you're tired of the lies and sick of the false promises, Dave is here to provide practical, long-term help. The Total Money Makeover is the simplest, most straightforward game plan for completely changing your finances. And, best of all, these principles are based on results, not pie-in-the-sky fantasies. This is the financial reset you've been looking for. The Total Money Makeover: Classic Edition will give you the tools and the encouragement you need to: Design a sure-fire plan for paying off all debt--from your cars to your home and everything in between using the debt snowball method Break bad habits and make lasting changes when it comes to your relationship with money Recognize the 10 most dangerous money myths Secure a healthy nest egg for emergencies and set yourself up for retirement Become financially healthy for life Live like no one else, so later you can LIVE (and GIVE) like no one else! This edition of The Total Money Makeover includes new, expanded "Dave Rants" that tackle marriage conflict, college debt, and so much more. The Total Money Makeover: Classic Edition also includes brand new back-of-the-book resources to help you make The Total Money Makeover your new reality.
Publisher: Thomas Nelson
ISBN: 1595555285
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 266
Book Description
Do you want to build a budget that actually works for you? Are you ready to transform your relationship with money? This New York Times bestseller has already helped millions of people just like you learn how to develop everyday money-saving habits with the help of America's favorite personal finance expert, Dave Ramsey. By now, you've already heard all of the nutty get-rich-quick schemes and the fiscal diet fads that leave you with a lot of quirky ideas but not a penny in your pocket. If you're tired of the lies and sick of the false promises, Dave is here to provide practical, long-term help. The Total Money Makeover is the simplest, most straightforward game plan for completely changing your finances. And, best of all, these principles are based on results, not pie-in-the-sky fantasies. This is the financial reset you've been looking for. The Total Money Makeover: Classic Edition will give you the tools and the encouragement you need to: Design a sure-fire plan for paying off all debt--from your cars to your home and everything in between using the debt snowball method Break bad habits and make lasting changes when it comes to your relationship with money Recognize the 10 most dangerous money myths Secure a healthy nest egg for emergencies and set yourself up for retirement Become financially healthy for life Live like no one else, so later you can LIVE (and GIVE) like no one else! This edition of The Total Money Makeover includes new, expanded "Dave Rants" that tackle marriage conflict, college debt, and so much more. The Total Money Makeover: Classic Edition also includes brand new back-of-the-book resources to help you make The Total Money Makeover your new reality.
The Comprehensive Guide to Interdisciplinary Veterinary Social Work
Author: Sana Loue
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031103300
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 370
Book Description
This book responds to the needs that arise at the intersection of people and animals, focusing on human-animal interaction, human-animal studies, the emotional work of caring for animals, and animal-assisted interventions and therapies. Unlike many works that focus primarily on issues at the micro level, such as animal-assisted interventions, this volume is unique in its focus on issues arising at the micro, macro, and mezzo levels, encompassing human-animal issues and interactions at the level of individuals and family, groups, institutions, and communities. Accordingly, this comprehensive guide addresses the need to better prepare practitioners to work in interdisciplinary environments, whether in the context of theory, research, practice, or advocacy. The authorship of the volume reflects the interdisciplinary foundations of veterinary social work, with contributions from social workers, psychologists, veterinarians, physicians, anthropologists, and bioethicists. The volume is divided into five parts that examine, respectively: the foundations (history and scope) of veterinary social work (Part I); the practice of veterinary social work with individuals, in the context of community programs, and in social work practice (Part II); veterinary social work and the veterinary setting, including veterinary well-being and conflict management (Part III); veterinary social work education (Part IV); and the future of veterinary social work (Part V). Importantly, the volume addresses not only practice issues in the veterinary, clinical, and community settings, but also examines ethical concerns in the clinical and research contexts and the implications of cultural and societal variations on the practice of veterinary social work. The Comprehensive Guide to Interdisciplinary Veterinary Social Work is the definitive resource for social workers and psychologists new to practice issues relating to animals, social work and psychology students at the graduate and undergraduate levels, veterinarians and veterinary students, hospital administrators (human hospitals), and veterinary hospital managers.
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031103300
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 370
Book Description
This book responds to the needs that arise at the intersection of people and animals, focusing on human-animal interaction, human-animal studies, the emotional work of caring for animals, and animal-assisted interventions and therapies. Unlike many works that focus primarily on issues at the micro level, such as animal-assisted interventions, this volume is unique in its focus on issues arising at the micro, macro, and mezzo levels, encompassing human-animal issues and interactions at the level of individuals and family, groups, institutions, and communities. Accordingly, this comprehensive guide addresses the need to better prepare practitioners to work in interdisciplinary environments, whether in the context of theory, research, practice, or advocacy. The authorship of the volume reflects the interdisciplinary foundations of veterinary social work, with contributions from social workers, psychologists, veterinarians, physicians, anthropologists, and bioethicists. The volume is divided into five parts that examine, respectively: the foundations (history and scope) of veterinary social work (Part I); the practice of veterinary social work with individuals, in the context of community programs, and in social work practice (Part II); veterinary social work and the veterinary setting, including veterinary well-being and conflict management (Part III); veterinary social work education (Part IV); and the future of veterinary social work (Part V). Importantly, the volume addresses not only practice issues in the veterinary, clinical, and community settings, but also examines ethical concerns in the clinical and research contexts and the implications of cultural and societal variations on the practice of veterinary social work. The Comprehensive Guide to Interdisciplinary Veterinary Social Work is the definitive resource for social workers and psychologists new to practice issues relating to animals, social work and psychology students at the graduate and undergraduate levels, veterinarians and veterinary students, hospital administrators (human hospitals), and veterinary hospital managers.