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Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Plasma reactors can be operated as a particulate trap or as a NOx converter. Particulate trapping in a plasma reactor can be accomplished by electrostatic precipitation. The soluble organic fraction of the trapped particulates can be utilized for the hydrocarbon-enhanced oxidation of NO to NO2 . The NO2 can then be used to non-thermally oxidize the carbon fraction of the particulates. The oxidation of the carbon fraction by NO2 can lead to reduction of NOx or backconversion of NO2 to NO. This paper examines the hydrocarbon and electrical energy density requirements in a plasma for maximum NOx conversion in both heavy-duty and light-duty diesel engine exhaust. The energy density required for complete oxidation of hydrocarbons is also examined and shown to be much greater than that required for maximum NOx conversion. The reaction of NO2 with carbon is shown to lead mainly to backconversion of NO2 to NO. These results suggest that the combination of the plasma with a catalyst will be required to reduce the NOx and oxidize the hydrocarbons. The plasma reactor can be operated occasionally in the arc mode to thermally oxidize the carbon fraction of the particulates.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Plasma reactors can be operated as a particulate trap or as a NOx converter. Particulate trapping in a plasma reactor can be accomplished by electrostatic precipitation. The soluble organic fraction of the trapped particulates can be utilized for the hydrocarbon-enhanced oxidation of NO to NO2 . The NO2 can then be used to non-thermally oxidize the carbon fraction of the particulates. The oxidation of the carbon fraction by NO2 can lead to reduction of NOx or backconversion of NO2 to NO. This paper examines the hydrocarbon and electrical energy density requirements in a plasma for maximum NOx conversion in both heavy-duty and light-duty diesel engine exhaust. The energy density required for complete oxidation of hydrocarbons is also examined and shown to be much greater than that required for maximum NOx conversion. The reaction of NO2 with carbon is shown to lead mainly to backconversion of NO2 to NO. These results suggest that the combination of the plasma with a catalyst will be required to reduce the NOx and oxidize the hydrocarbons. The plasma reactor can be operated occasionally in the arc mode to thermally oxidize the carbon fraction of the particulates.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Plasma reactors can be operated as a particulate trap or as a NO(subscript x) converter. The soluble organic fraction (SOF) of the trapped particulates can be utilized for the oxidation of NO to NO2. The NO2 can then be used to non-thermally oxidize the carbon fraction of the particulates. This paper examines the energy density required for oxidation of the SOF hydrocarbons and the fate of NO2 during the oxidation of the particulate carbon. The energy density required for complete oxidation of the SOF hydrocarbons is shown to be unacceptably large. The reaction of NO2 with carbon is shown to lead mainly to backconversion of NO2 to NO. These results suggest that the use of a catalyst in combination with the plasma will be required to efficiently reduce the NO(subscript x) and oxidize the SOF hydrocarbons.
Author: John H Johnson Publisher: SAE International ISBN: 1468600117 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 636
Book Description
The need for manufacturers to meet U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mobile source diesel emissions standards for on-highway light duty and heavy duty vehicles has been the driving force for the control of diesel particulate and NOx emissions reductions. Diesel Particulate Emissions: Landmark Research 1994-2001 contains the latest research and development findings that will help guide engineers to achieve low particulate emissions from future engines. Based on extensive SAE literature from the past seven years, the 45 papers in this book have been selected from the SAE Transactions Journals.
Author: Steven Y Liang Publisher: World Scientific ISBN: 9814749516 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 1329
Book Description
The International Conference on Energy and Mechanical Engineering brought together scientists and engineers from energy and engineering sectors to share and compare notes on the latest development in energy science, automation, control and mechanical engineering. This proceedings compiled and selected 156 articles organized into Energy Science and Technology; Mechanical Engineering; Automation and Control Engineering. Amongst them, are the results and development of Government sponsored research projects undertaken both in universities, research institutes, and across industry, reflecting the state-of-art technological know-how of Chinese scientists.
Author: S. M. Shiva Nagendra Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 9811555117 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 454
Book Description
This contributed volume is primarily intended for graduate and professional audiences. The book provides a basic understanding of urban air quality issues, root causes for local and urban air pollution, monitoring and modelling techniques, assessment, and control options to manage air quality at local and urban scale. The book also offers useful information on indoor air quality and smart sensors, which are gaining much importance in current times.
Author: P. A. Lakshminarayanan Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 9811685703 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 562
Book Description
This handbook deals with the vast subject of thermal management of engines and vehicles by applying the state of the art research to diesel and natural gas engines. The contributions from global experts focus on management, generation, and retention of heat in after-treatment and exhaust systems for light-off of NOx, PM, and PN catalysts during cold start and city cycles as well as operation at ultralow temperatures. This book will be of great interest to those in academia and industry involved in the design and development of advanced diesel and CNG engines satisfying the current and future emission standards.
Author: Xin Tu Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030051897 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 354
Book Description
This book provides a comprehensive overview of the field of plasma catalysis, regarded as a promising alternative to thermal processes for energy and environmental applications. It bridges the gap between the plasma and catalysis research communities, covering both the fundamentals of plasma catalysis and its application in environmental and energy research. The first section of the book offers a broad introduction to plasma catalysis, covering plasma-catalyst systems, interactions, and modeling. The core of the book then focuses on different applications, describing a wide range of plasma-catalytic processes in catalyst synthesis, environmental clean-up, greenhouse gas conversion and synthesis of materials for energy applications. Chapters cover topics ranging from removal of NOx and VOCs to conversion of methane, carbon dioxide and the reforming of ethanol and methanol. Written by a group of world-leading researchers active in the field, the book forms a valuable resource for scientists, engineers and students with different research backgrounds including plasma physics, plasma chemistry, catalysis, energy, environmental engineering, electrical engineering and material engineering.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 13
Book Description
Water and higher concentrations of oxygen present in diesel and turbine combustion exhausts inhibit and deactivate selective reduction (SCR) catalysts that are effective in removing NOx from internal combustion engine exhausts. Ox idation of NO to NO2, the slow step in SCR treatment, is accomplished rapidly as a competing process during plasma-catalyzed oxidation of hydrocarbon (HO) fuels in exhausts. Reduction of NO2 so formed is effected by passage of the heated stream through a bed of alumina of practically any configuration. Two-stage reactors to perform these steps were assembled and tested at bench-, pilot- and full-scale on exhaust from a 5.9-L Cummins diesel engine. The process, called plasma-assisted catalytic reduction (PACR), removed 95% of NOx at pilot scale using propene as the HO. Diesel fuel was used in the three sets of engine tests, and under these conditions PACR consistently achieved 50-55% reduction of NOx at a net fuel penalty of 5% to operate the control. Fuel sulfur did not affect the PACR process, and SO2 was not oxidized. Conduction across the high-voltage insulator was observed as a problem, but oxidation of deposited soot by the plasma was also observed and the system could be reconfigured using the plasma to prevent soot accumulation. Fuel cracking to enhance NO2 reduction was proposed but not tested.
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Author: John H Johnson
Author: Steven Y Liang
Author: S. M. Shiva Nagendra
Author: P. A. Lakshminarayanan
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Author: Xin Tu
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Author: Society of Automotive Engineers