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Author: Dr. Samuel K. Ngaima Sr. Publisher: Xlibris Corporation ISBN: 1503524388 Category : History Languages : en Pages : 123
Book Description
This book identified and analyzed the historical, political, cultural and social factors responsible for the Liberian National Conflicts, also known as the Liberian Civil Wars. These conflicts resulted in the destructions, genocide and divisiveness among the ethnic groups and increased refugee problems. The book traced and uncovered the historical, political, social, economic religious and cultural factors in the Liberian conflicts. It described as one of the prime factors, the unique formation of the Country and subsequent the leadership style and the social stratification for more than 140 years of Americo-Liberian oligarchic regime. The exclusions of the majority of the indigenous Liberians from the political and economic activities of the Country was identified as one of the factors to the conflict. The book revealed that nearly all of the 60 Liberian expatriates interviewed by the author considered as prime factors in the Liberian civil conflict, the perpetuation of Americo-Liberian governance over the majority indigenous Liberians for more than a century and the resulting disparities in political, educational and economic opportunities among the Liberian citizens.
Author: Dr. Samuel K. Ngaima Sr. Publisher: Xlibris Corporation ISBN: 1503524388 Category : History Languages : en Pages : 123
Book Description
This book identified and analyzed the historical, political, cultural and social factors responsible for the Liberian National Conflicts, also known as the Liberian Civil Wars. These conflicts resulted in the destructions, genocide and divisiveness among the ethnic groups and increased refugee problems. The book traced and uncovered the historical, political, social, economic religious and cultural factors in the Liberian conflicts. It described as one of the prime factors, the unique formation of the Country and subsequent the leadership style and the social stratification for more than 140 years of Americo-Liberian oligarchic regime. The exclusions of the majority of the indigenous Liberians from the political and economic activities of the Country was identified as one of the factors to the conflict. The book revealed that nearly all of the 60 Liberian expatriates interviewed by the author considered as prime factors in the Liberian civil conflict, the perpetuation of Americo-Liberian governance over the majority indigenous Liberians for more than a century and the resulting disparities in political, educational and economic opportunities among the Liberian citizens.
Author: Gabriel I. H. Williams Publisher: Trafford Publishing ISBN: 1553692942 Category : Liberia Languages : en Pages : 458
Book Description
On December 24, 1989, a group of Libyan-trained armed dissidents, which styled itself the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), attacked Liberian territory from neighboring Ivory Coast. The band of outlaws was led by Charles Taylor, an ex-Liberia government official who escaped from prison in the United States while facing extradition to Liberia for allegedly embezzling nearly one million dollars of public funds. After he fled the U.S. Taylor returned to West Africa, from where he connected with Libya. Sustained by Libyan support, Taylor went to Liberia to spearhead his murderous brand of civil war. Liberia's dictatorial leader Samuel Doe responded to the NPFL invasion by deploying troops in the conflict area, whose senior ranks were dominated by the military strongman's own ethnic group. The government forces carried out collective punishment against local villagers, killing, looting, and raping, while singling out people from certain ethnic groups whom they regarded as supporters of the invasion by reason of their ethnic identity. The NPFL also targeted members of Doe's ethnic group and other ethnic groups that were seen to be supportive of the government, as well as its officials and sympathizers. As the war spread from the interior toward the Liberian capital of Monrovia amid widespread death and destruction, the United States responded to the deteriorating situation by dispatching four warships with 2,300 marines to evacuate Americans and other foreigners who were in the country. The U.S. decided not to intervene to contain the unfolding catastrophe. Officials of the George Bush administration maintained that Liberia, which was then America's closest traditional ally in Africa, was no longer of strategic importance to the U.S. Coincidentally, the Liberian civil war started at the time the Cold War was ending. Located on the West Coast of Africa, Liberia was founded in 1822 by freed black American slaves who were returned to the continent. Their passage was paid by the American Colonization Society, a philanthropic organization, whose members included Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe. The Liberian capital Monrovia is named after Monroe, who was president of the United States at the time Liberia was founded. The country's national flag of red, white and blue stripes with a star, bears close resemblance to the American flag. The systems of government and education, architecture and other aspects of Liberian life reflect American taste. Names of places in the country include Virginia, Maryland, Georgia, Louisiana and Buchanan. More than anywhere in Africa, spoken English in Liberia echoes the rhythms of Black American speech. Liberia served as the regional headquarters of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and hosted a Voice of America relay station that beamed American propaganda, as well as other major U.S. security installations during the Cold War. The Americans also operated the Omega Navigation Tower, which was intended to track the movement of ships and planes in the region and beyond. Once one of Africa's most stable and prosperous countries, Liberia was regarded as a haven for international trade and commerce because of the use of the American dollar as a legal tender. Major U.S. investments in the country included the Firestone Rubber Plantation, the world's largest plantation, which produce rubber for Firestone tires, Chase Manhattan Bank, and Citibank. Pan American Airlines (PAN AM) once operated Liberia's Roberts International Airport, where U.S. fighter jets have landing rights. During part of the 1970s, Liberia's per capita income was equivalent to that of Japan. Independent since 1847 as Africa's first republic, Liberia's plunge into anarchy began after a bloody military coup that ended the rule of descendants of the freed slaves, who monopolized political and economic power for over a century. During the 1980 coup, President William Tolbert, who tried to institute some meaningful po
Author: Stephen M. Magu Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030629309 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 359
Book Description
This book explores foreign policy developments in post-colonial Africa. A continental foreign policy is a tenuous proposition, yet new African states emerged out of armed resistance and advocacy from regional allies such as the Bandung Conference and the League of Arab States. Ghana was the first Sub-Saharan African country to gain independence in 1957. Fourteen more countries gained independence in 1960 alone, and by May 1963, when the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) was formed, 30 countries were independent. An early OAU committee was the African Liberation Committee (ALC), tasked to work in the Frontline States (FLS) to support independence in Southern Africa. Pan-Africanists, in alliance with Brazzaville, Casablanca and Monrovia groups, approached continental unity differently, and regionalism continued to be a major feature. Africa’s challenges were often magnified by the capitalist-democratic versus communist-socialist bloc rivalry, but through Africa’s use and leveraging of IGOs – the UN, UNDP, UNECA, GATT, NIEO and others – to advance development, the formation of the African Economic Community, OAU’s evolution into the AU and other alliances belied collective actions, even as Africa implemented decisions that required cooperation: uti possidetis (maintaining colonial borders), containing secession, intra- and inter-state conflicts, rebellions and building RECs and a united Africa as envisioned by Pan Africanists worked better collectively.
Author: Isabelle Duyvesteyn Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1135764840 Category : Education Languages : en Pages : 199
Book Description
Oil, diamonds, timber, food aid - just some of the suggestions put forward as explanations for African wars in the past decade. Another set of suggestions focuses on ethnic and clan considerations. These economic and ethnic or clan explanations contend that wars are specifically not fought by states for political interests with mainly conventional military means, as originally suggested by Carl von Clausewitz in the 19th century. This study shows how alternative social organizations to the state can be viewed as political actors using war as a political instrument.
Author: Mark Huband Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1135252149 Category : History Languages : en Pages : 268
Book Description
The civil war in 1989 promised freedom from ten years of vicious dictatorship; instead the seeds of Liberia's devastation were sown. Mark Huband's account of the conflict is a portrayal of the war as it unfolded, drawing on the author's experience of living amongst the fighters.
Author: Robtel Neajai Pailey Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 1108836542 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 297
Book Description
Based on rich oral histories, this is an engaging study of citizenship construction and practice in Liberia, Africa's first black republic.
Author: Sharon Alane Abramowitz Publisher: University of Pennsylvania Press ISBN: 0812209931 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 281
Book Description
At the end of Liberia's thirteen-year civil war, the devastated population struggled to rebuild their country and come to terms with their experiences of violence. During the first decade of postwar reconstruction, hundreds of humanitarian organizations created programs that were intended to heal trauma, prevent gendered violence, rehabilitate former soldiers, and provide psychosocial care to the transitioning populace. But the implementation of these programs was not always suited to the specific mental health needs of the population or easily reconciled with the broader aims of reconstruction and humanitarian peacekeeping, and psychiatric treatment was sometimes ignored or unevenly integrated into postconflict humanitarian health care delivery. Searching for Normal in the Wake of the Liberian War explores the human experience of the massive apparatus of trauma-healing and psychosocial interventions during the first five years of postwar reconstruction. Sharon Alane Abramowitz draws on extensive fieldwork among the government officials, humanitarian leaders, and an often-overlooked population of Liberian NGO employees to examine the structure and impact of the mental health care interventions, in particular the ways they were promised to work with peacekeeping and reconstruction, and how the reach and effectiveness of these promises can be measured. From this courageous ethnography emerges a geography of trauma and the ways it shapes the lives of those who give and receive care in postwar Liberia.
Author: Mary H. Moran Publisher: University of Pennsylvania Press ISBN: 0812220285 Category : History Languages : en Pages : 202
Book Description
Moran argues that democracy is not a foreign import into Africa, but that essential aspects of what we in the West consider democratic values are part of the indigenous traditions of legitimacy and political process.
Author: Dr. Samuel K. Ngaima Sr.
Author: Dr. Samuel K. Ngaima Sr.
Author: Samuel Kpehe Ngama
Author: Gabriel I. H. Williams
Author: Stephen M. Magu
Author: Philippa Atkinson
Author: Isabelle Duyvesteyn
Author: Mark Huband
Author: Robtel Neajai Pailey
Author: Sharon Alane Abramowitz
Author: Mary H. Moran