Author: James M. Symons
Publisher: American Water Works Association
ISBN: 0898679060
Category : Chloramines
Languages : en
Pages : 366

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Book Description

Author: Gerald E. Speitel Jr
Publisher: American Water Works Association
ISBN: 184339930X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 246

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Book Description
In response to current and anticipated disinfection by-product (DBP) regulations, many utilities have begun to use chloramines as a secondary disinfectant. Chloramination produces DBPs such as haloacetic acids (HAAs), trihalomethanes (THMs), and haloacetonitriles (HANs) in lower concentrations than chlorination. Previous research has demonstrated that dihalogenated haloacetic acids (DXAAs) are the most commonly formed HAAs during chloramination. Some utilities may have difficulty meeting the new maximum contaminant level (MCL) for HAAs because chloramination does not limit the formation of DXAAs to the same extent as it does other DBPs. The objectives of this project were to: better understand the reactivity of key natural organic matter (NOM) fractions and the effects of treatment processes with respect to dihaloacetic acid (DXAA) formation, better delineate the influence of pH and Cl2/N ratio on DXAA formation, characterize DXAA formation kinetics and the impact of treatment processes on the kinetics, especially the impact of prechlorination, calculate the rate and extent of DXAA formation at elevated summer water temperatures, and determine the effect of bromide concentration on DXAA speciation and kinetics.

Author:
Publisher: American Water Works Association
ISBN: 1583214631
Category : Water
Languages : en
Pages : 356

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Book Description
The goal of this project was to understand the formation and decay of selected DBPs in full-scale distribution systems focusing on the four THMs and the nine HAAs, as well as individual THM and HAA species. Because of its critical nature, NDMA was also included. The project objectives were: evaluate the critical factors that affect THM and HAA behavior in distribution systems; determine the fate and behavior of NDMA in distribution systems; evaluate the effect of pipe material and diameter on the fate of DBPs in distribution systems; examine the effect of storage reservoirs / tanks and booster chlorination stations on THM, HAA and NDMA concentrations; evaluate the changes in DBP concentrations and speciation when a system seasonally switches from chloramines to free chlorine to limit potential nitrification episodes....

Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 030949382X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 291

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Book Description
Legionnaires' disease, a pneumonia caused by the Legionella bacterium, is the leading cause of reported waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States. Legionella occur naturally in water from many different environmental sources, but grow rapidly in the warm, stagnant conditions that can be found in engineered water systems such as cooling towers, building plumbing, and hot tubs. Humans are primarily exposed to Legionella through inhalation of contaminated aerosols into the respiratory system. Legionnaires' disease can be fatal, with between 3 and 33 percent of Legionella infections leading to death, and studies show the incidence of Legionnaires' disease in the United States increased five-fold from 2000 to 2017. Management of Legionella in Water Systems reviews the state of science on Legionella contamination of water systems, specifically the ecology and diagnosis. This report explores the process of transmission via water systems, quantification, prevention and control, and policy and training issues that affect the incidence of Legionnaires' disease. It also analyzes existing knowledge gaps and recommends research priorities moving forward.

Author: Gregory J. Kirmeyer
Publisher: American Water Works Association
ISBN: 9781583213315
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 278

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Book Description
This manual recommends optimal operational criteria for chloramine application to enhance and protect distribution system water quality. It examines the chemical characteristics of chloramines, documents the use of chloramines with case studies, and provides planning, design, startup, and monitoring strategies for optimizing the use of chloramines.

Author: Robert M. Clark
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
ISBN: 142890073X
Category : Drinking water
Languages : en
Pages : 330

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Book Description

Author: James H. Raymer
Publisher: RTI Press
ISBN:
Category : Cooking
Languages : en
Pages : 15

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Book Description
Humans are exposed to water disinfection by-products (DBPs) through direct ingestion of tap water and via inhalation and dermal absorption. Additional exposure from cooking foods in tap water containing DBPs has not been explored. We conducted controlled laboratory experiments to determine potential excess exposures to DBPs—haloacetonitriles and haloacetic acids (HAAs). Some HAAs and haloacetonitriles decomposed within 10 minutes in boiling water; other analytes remained. During cooking in or contact with water, foods—frozen carrots, frozen green beans, dried pinto beans, chicken, pasta (spaghetti), and lettuce—absorbed up to 60 percent of HAA DBPs. In general, chlorodibromoacetic and tribromoacetic acids were not detected in the food after cooking. Pasta rinsed in HAA-containing spiked reagent water was shown to absorb additional HAAs and elevate the excess dietary exposure above that from cooking alone. HAA-containing tap water used to boil foods during preparation can increase the potential for human exposure, the magnitude of which depends on the types of foods cooked, the cooking duration, the volume of water used to cook the food, and the quantity of the food consumed. Regulators should consider excess dietary exposures when defining the acceptable quantities of DBPs, at least for HAAs, in tap water.

Author: M.N.V. Prasad
Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN: 0081029772
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 490

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Book Description
Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water: Detection and Treatment presents cutting-edge research on how to understand the procedures, processes and considerations for detecting and treating disinfection by-products from drinking water, swimming pool water, and wastewater. The book begins with an overview of the different groups of Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs), such as: Trihalomethanes (THM), Halo acetic acids, and Haloacetonitrile (HAN). This coverage is quickly followed by a clear and rigorous exposition of the latest methods and technologies for the characterization, occurrence, formation, transformation and removal of DBPs in drinking water. Other chapters focus on ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, electron spin resonance, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Researchers will find a valuable resource to a breath of topics for DBP detection and treatment, including various recent techniques, such as microfiltration, nanofiltration membrane and nanotechnology.

Author: Black & Veatch Corporation
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118210557
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 1109

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Book Description
New edition covers the latest practices, regulations, and alternative disinfectants Since the publication of the Fourth Edition of White's Handbook of Chlorination and Alternative Disinfectants more than ten years ago, the water industry has made substantial advances in their understanding and application of chlorine, hypochlorite, and alternative disinfectants for water and wastewater treatment. This Fifth Edition, with its extensive updates and revisions, reflects the current state of the science as well as the latest practices. Balancing theory with practice, the Fifth Edition covers such important topics as: Advances in the use of UV and ozone as disinfectants Alternative disinfectants such as chlorine dioxide, iodine, and bromine-related products Advanced oxidation processes for drinking water and wastewater treatment New developments and information for the production and handling of chlorine Latest regulations governing the use of different disinfectants For each disinfectant, the book explains its chemistry, effectiveness, dosing, equipment, and system design requirements. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of each disinfectant are clearly set forth. References at the end of each chapter guide readers to the primary literature for further investigation. Authored and reviewed by leading experts in the field of water and wastewater treatment, this Fifth Edition remains an ideal reference for utilities, regulators, engineers, and plant operators who need current information on the disinfection of potable water, wastewater, industrial water, and swimming pools.

Author: Puangrat Kajitvichyanukul
Publisher: IWA Publishing
ISBN: 1789061237
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 242

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Book Description
Frontier technology in water treatment and pollutant removal is needed not only for maximizing water reuse but also for the rapid detection of contaminants in the recycled water. The UN announced the years 2018 to 2028 as the ‘International Decade for Action–Water for Sustainable Development’. To realize this mission, innovative and frontier technologies for water treatment and pollutant removal are important components. This book aims to serve as a platform for updating the scientific community with recent progress in this area, covering frontier technologies in analytical technique, physicochemical treatment, chemical treatment, and biological treatment. In Focus – a book series that showcases the latest accomplishments in water research. Each book focuses on a specialist area with papers from top experts in the field. It aims to be a vehicle for in-depth understanding and inspire further conversations in the sector.