Exposure, Risks, and Drivers of the Mobile Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in the Environment – a Global Perspective PDF Download

Author: Abasiofiok Mark Ibekwe
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889741001
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 213

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Author: World Health Organization
Publisher: World Health Organization
ISBN: 9789241550130
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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WHO has launched new guidelines on use of medically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals, recommending that farmers and the food industry stop using antibiotics routinely to promote growth and prevent disease in healthy animals. These guidelines aim to help preserve the effectiveness of antibiotics that are important for human medicine by reducing their use in animals.

Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309466520
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 173

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As of 2017, the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance continues unabated around the world, leaving devastating health and economic outcomes in its wake. Those consequences will multiply if collaborative global action is not taken to address the spread of resistance. Major drivers of antimicrobial resistance in humans have been accelerated by inappropriate antimicrobial prescribing in health care practices; the inappropriate use of antimicrobials in livestock; and the promulgation of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment. To explore the issue of antimicrobial resistance, the Forum of Microbial Threats planned a public workshop. Participants explored issues of antimicrobial resistance through the lens of One Health, which is a collaborative approach of multiple disciplines - working locally, nationally, and globally - for strengthening systems to counter infectious diseases and related issues that threaten human, animal, and environmental health, with an end point of improving global health and achieving gains in development. They also discussed immediate and short-term actions and research needs that will have the greatest effect on reducing antimicrobial resistance, while taking into account the complexities of bridging different sectors and disciplines to address this global threat. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

Author: Célia M. Manaia
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9783030550677
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 344

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This book provides a multidisciplinary review of antibiotic resistance and unravels the complex and interrelated roles of environmental sources, including pharmaceutical industry effluents, hospital and domestic effluents, wildlife and drinking water. Antibiotic resistance is a global public health issue in which the interface between humans, animals and the environment is particularly relevant. The contrasts seen across different environmental compartments and world regions, which are due to climate, social and policy differences, mean that this problem needs to be analyzed from a multi-geographic and multi-cultural angle. Bringing together contributions from researchers on different continents with expertise in antibiotic resistance in a range of different environmental compartments, the book offers a detailed reflection on the paths that make antibiotic resistance a global threat, and the state-of- the-art in antibiotic resistance surveillance and risk assessment in complex environmental matrices.

Author: Mihai Mares
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 1839624329
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 210

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Tackling the realities of the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) situation today is no longer uncommon. Many battles have been fought in the past since the discovery of antibiotics between man and microbes. In the tussle of new antibiotic modifications, the transmission of resistant genes, both vertically and horizontally unveils yet another resistant attribute for the microbe, for it only to be faced with a more powerful, wide spectrum antibiotic; the cycle continues-and the winner is yet to be known. This book aims to provide some insight into various molecular mechanisms, agricultural mitigation methods, and the One Health applications to maybe, just maybe, tip the scales towards us.

Author: Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128188839
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 434

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Book Description
Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes (AMR) in the Environment summarizes and updates information on antibiotic producing organisms and their resistance and entry routes in soil, air, water and sediment. As antibiotic use continues to rise in healthcare, their fate, bioavailability and biomonitoring, and impacts on environment and public health are becoming increasingly important. The book addresses the impact of antibiotics and AMR to environment and public health and risk assessment. Moreover, it focused on the metagenomics and molecular techniques for the detection of antibiotics and antimicrobial genes. Lastly, it introduces management strategies, such as treatment technologies for managing antibiotics and AMR/ARGs-impacted environment, and bioremediation approaches. Summarizes and updates information on antibiotics and AMR/ARGs production and its fate and transport in the environment Includes phytoremediation and bioremediation technologies for environmental management Provides analysis of risk assessment of antibiotic resistance genes to help understand the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of antibiotics and AMR/ARGs

Author: Willis Gwenzi
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0323903444
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 432

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Emerging Contaminants in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments: Occurrence, Health Risks, and Mitigation provides the latest information on the synthesis of the occurrence, behavior, human health risks and mitigation of emerging contaminants in developing countries. First highlighting sources, industrial applications, key drivers and regulatory frameworks, the book then goes on to discuss the nature of emerging contaminants, including organic (e.g., pharmaceuticals), inorganic (e.g., rare earth elements) and biological agents (e.g., antimicrobial resistance). It then presents the dissemination, environmental behavior, and fate in terrestrial and aquatic systems as well as the human and ecological exposure pathways, health risks, and more. Offering a transdisciplinary approach that brings together perspectives and contributions from experts in environmental sciences, hydrology, environmental engineering, ecotoxicology, chemistry, material sciences, and legal and policy aspects, the book provides an approachable and flexible resource for researchers and upper-level students with diverse academic backgrounds. Adopts a lifecycle perspective by including industrial applications, behavior and fate and human health risks and removal Focuses on developing regions and covers a wide range of emerging contaminants, including those often overlooked in earlier books such as rare earth elements and antimicrobial resistance Presents a clear understanding of the contrasts between developed and developing countries with respect to emerging contaminants and their health risks and mitigation, including water and wastewater treatment systems commonly used in developing countries Covers human and ecological health risks in developing countries

Author: Michael S. Bank
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030786277
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 364

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This open access book examines global plastic pollution, an issue that has become a critical societal challenge with implications for environmental and public health. This volume provides a comprehensive, holistic analysis on the plastic cycle and its subsequent effects on biota, food security, and human exposure. Importantly, global environmental change and its associated, systems-level processes, including atmospheric deposition, ecosystem complexity, UV exposure, wind patterns, water stratification, ocean circulation, etc., are all important direct and indirect factors governing the fate, transport and biotic and abiotic processing of plastic particles across ecosystem types. Furthermore, the distribution of plastic in the ocean is not independent of terrestrial ecosystem dynamics, since much of the plastic in marine ecosystems originates from land and should therefore be evaluated in the context of the larger plastic cycle. Changes in species size, distribution, habitat, and food web complexity, due to global environmental change, will likely alter trophic transfer dynamics and the ecological effects of nano- and microplastics. The fate and transport dynamics of plastic particles are influenced by their size, form, shape, polymer type, additives, and overall ecosystem conditions. In addition to the risks that plastics pose to the total environment, the potential impacts on human health and exposure routes, including seafood consumption, and air and drinking water need to be assessed in a comprehensive and quantitative manner. Here I present a holistic and interdisciplinary book volume designed to advance the understanding of plastic cycling in the environment with an emphasis on sources, fate and transport, ecotoxicology, climate change effects, food security, microbiology, sustainability, human exposure and public policy.

Author: King K. Holmes
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 1464805253
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 506

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Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.

Author: Cristin Cowles Weekley Young
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781658412988
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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While the discovery and subsequent availability of antimicrobials revolutionized modern healthcare in humans and animals, growing resistance to antimicrobials by bacterial pathogens threatens to undermine one of the greatest scientific advances of the 20th century, as the discovery of new antimicrobials has slowed while antibiotic use and subsequent resistance (AMR) is rising globally (1-4). Current human mortality rates due to AMR are already over half a million deaths annually worldwide, and recent reports have estimated that if AMR is not controlled, the mortality rate will exceed 10 million per year by 2050, with an economic burden of over $100 trillion USD in lost output (4). These impacts will be felt globally, with low- and middle-income countries being hardest hit, as AMR can spread easily in humans and agricultural settings in these countries due to large variation in healthcare infection-control practices, high rates of infectious diseases, high population densities with poor water, sanitation, and hygiene regulations, and suboptimal agricultural regulations in place for biosecurity and use of veterinary antimicrobials (5-7). Despite evidence indicating that many countries face particularly high-risk conditions for AMR, there remain substantial data gaps characterizing the prevalence and abundance of AMR in humans, animals, and the surrounding environment, especially for community-acquired infections (7). This paucity of One Health-focused research on AMR in low-income and underserved settings worldwide highlights the need for transdisciplinary research to elucidate drivers of antimicrobial resistance and to characterize AMR transmission across One Health domains (7-9). This dissertation seeks to address these gaps in evidence by focusing on an urban, informal settlement with intensifying livestock production in Kathmandu, Nepal. Chapter 1 illustrated a One Health framework that can be used to investigate co-occurrence of resistance genes within and between species and to inform on environmental reservoirs of resistance genes in a densely populated, urban community in Nepal. We concurrently sampled humans, chickens, ducks, swine, and water, as well as rodents and shrews near dwellings. Sixty-nine resistance genes were identified, and detection of the same gene among different species was widespread. The highest prevalence of resistance genes were detected in ducks and gene prevalence varied markedly by species and sample type. Overall, ermB, tetA, mefA, and tetB were most commonly detected; antibiotics associated with these resistance genes, including doxycycline, azithromycin, and gentamicin, are widely used in Nepal in both humans and animals (10). Chapter 2 evaluated putative risk factors relating to the occurrence of specific resistance genes associated with antibiotics of global health importance for both humans and animals as prioritized by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Organisation for Animal Health (OiE), respectively. Seven genes were chosen based on prevalence in the community and were evaluated independently in multivariate analyses in order to characterize potential reservoirs and transmission pathways for each gene in this urban, informal settlement setting. By assessing which species and sample types were associated with the detection of a gene, this study was able to more fully characterize the genetic resistome in this community and provide guidance for prioritization of prevention and intervention efforts for disrupting AMR transmission of critically important antibiotics for humans and animals in Nepal. Finally, to better understand the sociodemographic and human behavioral drivers of AMR gene burden in low-income community settings, Chapter 3 assessed individual- and household-level risk factors associated with the carriage and burden of AMR genes found in humans. Resistance genes were found in all samples tested with an average of 7 resistance genes from 10 antibiotic classification groups found per participant (n=67). Age and having animals inside the dwelling in the past year were both risk factors for resistance gene carriage and burden, while having a dedicated location for trash and animal waste was protective. Predictors were similar across multivariate and antibiotic resistance classification group-specific models, signifying that activities that generally mitigate risk factors for gene carriage in humans will aid in reducing overall resistance gene burden across antibiotic resistance classification groupings in this community. The conclusions drawn from this body of work help further the understanding of the antibiotic resistome in low-income, urban settings. The concurrent sampling design combined with broad screening for AMR genes offers a unique framework on which to base further efforts to characterize the community resistome, evaluate reservoirs of AMR, and better inform policy for combating the spread of resistance among and between animals, humans, and the environment. References 1. Blair JMA, Webber MA, Baylay AJ, Ogbolu DO, Piddock LJV. Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Nature Publishing Group. Nature Publishing Group; 2014 Dec 1;13(1):42-51. 2. World Health Organization. WHO global strategy for containment of antimicrobial resistance. 2001. 3. Yao X, Doi Y, Zeng L, Lv L, Liu J-H. Carbapenem-resistant and colistin-resistant Escherichia coli co-producing NDM-9 and MCR-1. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. Elsevier Ltd; 2016 Jan 28;:1-2. 4. O'Neill J. Antimicrobial Resistance: Tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations. UK Government; 2014 Dec. 5. Holmes AH, Moore L, Sundsfjord A, Steinbakk M, Regmi S, Karkey A, et al. Understanding the mechanisms and drivers of antimicrobial resistance. The Lancet. 2015 Nov 18;387(10014):176-87. 6. Bhattacharya S, Khanal B, Bhattarai NR, Das ML. Prevalence of Shigella species and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Eastern Nepal. J Health Popul Nutr. 2005 Mar 12;23(4):339-42. 7. Rousham EK, Unicomb L, Islam MA. Human, animal and environmental contributors to antibiotic resistance in low-resource settings: integrating behavioural, epidemiological and One Health approaches. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2018 Apr 11;285(1876):20180332. 8. Thakur S, Gray GC. The Mandate for a Global "One Health" Approach to Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2019;100(2):227-8. 9. Ogawa VA, Shah CM, Hughes JM, King LJ. Prioritizing a One Health Approach in the Immediate Fight Against Antimicrobial Resistance. EcoHealth. 2018 Mar 9. 10. Administration DOD. NATIONAL LIST OF ESSENTIAL MEDICINES NEPAL (FIFTH REVISION) [Internet]. Fifth Revision. Ministry of Health. Available from: http://www.dda.gov.np/content/essential-drug-list