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Author: Joost Pauwelyn Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
“Trade saves lives” could have been the headline. COVID-19 hit so hard, quickly and across so many nations at the same time, that many countries not only rushed to produce and import, but also imposed export restrictions on protective masks, ventilators and other products they were running out of. On one count, as of 26 April 2020, at least 75 governments had banned or limited exports of medical supplies and medicines. The impact and pros and cons of such export restrictions have been discussed elsewhere. What this contribution seeks to do is to set out the options and limits under international trade agreements. Section II discusses export restrictions under EU law, first within and then outside the EU. Section III turns to WTO agreements, discussing both obligations in respect of export restrictions, and a number of exceptions explicitly provided for. It also refers to trade remedies as a possible response to export restrictions. Section IV briefly examines preferential trade agreements. Section V concludes, highlighting the importance of transparency and the limits of law and enforcement procedures when it comes to emergency measures, especially those enacted on a temporary basis in the midst of a crisis.Economists have almost universally condemned the recent surge in export restrictions. The main take-away point when looking at what international law currently provides for is, however, that it offers countries a great deal of leeway to enact such restrictions especially during a pandemic. One question for further research and negotiations is whether this wiggle room ought to be reduced to effectively address the next pandemic. Some recent commitments and proposals have been made in this direction. They are referenced in the conclusion.
Author: Joost Pauwelyn Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
“Trade saves lives” could have been the headline. COVID-19 hit so hard, quickly and across so many nations at the same time, that many countries not only rushed to produce and import, but also imposed export restrictions on protective masks, ventilators and other products they were running out of. On one count, as of 26 April 2020, at least 75 governments had banned or limited exports of medical supplies and medicines. The impact and pros and cons of such export restrictions have been discussed elsewhere. What this contribution seeks to do is to set out the options and limits under international trade agreements. Section II discusses export restrictions under EU law, first within and then outside the EU. Section III turns to WTO agreements, discussing both obligations in respect of export restrictions, and a number of exceptions explicitly provided for. It also refers to trade remedies as a possible response to export restrictions. Section IV briefly examines preferential trade agreements. Section V concludes, highlighting the importance of transparency and the limits of law and enforcement procedures when it comes to emergency measures, especially those enacted on a temporary basis in the midst of a crisis.Economists have almost universally condemned the recent surge in export restrictions. The main take-away point when looking at what international law currently provides for is, however, that it offers countries a great deal of leeway to enact such restrictions especially during a pandemic. One question for further research and negotiations is whether this wiggle room ought to be reduced to effectively address the next pandemic. Some recent commitments and proposals have been made in this direction. They are referenced in the conclusion.
Author: Laura Puccio Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
COVID-19 represents one of the biggest pandemic faced by humanity in recent times, spreading to almost all countries and territories on all continents. Because it spread so suddenly and quickly, COVID-19 produced an unparalleled increase in demand in personal protective equipment, medical products and devices, which far outpaced the ability to increase supply. The outcome was a shortage in these products, which lead several countries to introduce export restrictions. This paper offers a legal and economic assessment of these export restrictions and argues that the current international rules - administered respectively by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the World Trade Organisation (WTO) - are ill-suited to deal with critical shortages that are likely to arise during, or at least in the early days of, a pandemic. Absent better rules and greater international cooperation, there was no alternative to the proliferation of export restrictions. The paper proposes the establishment of a new normative framework involving both WHO and WTO to avert supply shortages and export restrictions during a pandemic.
Author: Ronald Labonté Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1135850097 Category : Health & Fitness Languages : en Pages : 340
Book Description
Contemporary globalization has had tremendous impact on health equity across the globe. However, no volume has systematically analyzed the relationship between globalization and global trends in health outcomes. This book consolidates and updates the findings of a global research project undertaken by the Globalisation Knowledge Network (GKN) of the World Health Organization’s Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Chapters examine such questions as: How has trade liberalisation affected the social determinants of health? How has globalization affected food security, nutrition and equitable access to water and sanitation? How well do present global governance structures take account of the health equity effects associated with the social determinants of health? This landmark volume will be a necessary addition for researchers and scholars studying the field of globalization, health and social policy, and public health across the social sciences.
Author: Chien-Huei Wu Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 1108957005 Category : Law Languages : en Pages : 519
Book Description
Delving into export restrictive measures this book links the key areas of WTO law, public international law, investment and competition law to expose how and why WTO rules on export dimension are insufficient due to export bias; how public international law helps to justify their adoption or maintenance; and how investment and competition laws contribute to their regulation. Built on works on accession protocols and national security exceptions, this book goes beyond international trade law and looks into international political economy, competition and investment law. It contributes to debates in conceptualising public and private forms of export restrictions, appreciating the complementary nature of trade and competition law in disciplining them; capturing the dynamic between trade and investment policies for their effectuation and circumvention; and bridging trade law and public international law to better understand their impositions for political and diplomatic purposes with the invocation of the national security justification.
Author: Clare Bambra Publisher: OUP Oxford ISBN: 0191628557 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 264
Book Description
We are told that 'work is good for us' and that ill health is caused by 'individual lifestyles'. Drawing on research from public health, social policy, epidemiology, geography and political science, this evidence-based inter-disciplinary book firmly challenges these contemporary orthodoxies. It systematically demonstrates that work - or lack of it - is central to our health and wellbeing and is the underlying determinant of health inequalities. Work is the cornerstone of modern society and dominates adult life with around a third of our time spent working. It is a vital part of self-identity and for most of us it is the foundation of economic and social status. As such, the material and psychosocial conditions in which we work have immense consequences for our physical and mental wellbeing, as well as the distribution of health across the population. Recessions, job-loss, insecurity and unemployment also have important ramifications for the health and wellbeing of individuals, families and communities. Chronic illness is itself a significant cause of worklessness and low pay. Drawing on examples from different countries, this book shows that the relationship between work, worklessness and health varies by country. Countries with a more regulated work environment and a more interventionist and supportive welfare system have better health and smaller work-related health inequalities. The book provides examples of specific policies and interventions that mitigate the ill-health effects of work and worklessness. It concludes by asserting the importance of politics and policy choices in the aetiology of health and health inequalities.
Author: Simon J.. Evenett Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Drawing upon the findings of several trade policy surveillance initiatives, an account is presented here of government resort to trade restrictions and reforms affecting medical goods during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Some nations mustered effective public health responses early in the pandemic without resorting to trade restrictions. Some other governments quickly reversed export restrictions once their adverse side effects became evident. However, another group of nations have removed COVID-19 trade restrictions very slowly, if at all. These findings challenge the assumption that existing multilateral rules effectively regulate the crisis-era application of general exceptions to non-discrimination norms for goods trade. While the logic of those exceptions is to prevent multilateral trade obligations impeding public health responses, the COVID-19 pandemic has shown that these flawed rules on exceptions have attenuated the contribution of cross-border trade to pandemic response, in particular in those developing countries that source much medical goods from abroad.
Author: Ilaria Espa Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 1107085969 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 405
Book Description
Examines existing WTO disciplines on export restrictions in light of the proliferation of export restraints on critical minerals and metals.
Author: Monica de Bolle Publisher: Peterson Institute for International Economics ISBN: 0881327425 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 149
Book Description
The global health and economic threats from the COVID-19 pandemic are not yet behind us. While the development of multiple safe and highly effective vaccines in less than a year is cause for hope, several significant dangers to recovery of global health and income are still clear and present: New concerning variants of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, continue to emerge at an alarming rate in different parts of the world; at the same time, vaccine rollouts have been shockingly inefficient even in some rich countries, while much of the developing world waits in line behind them for vaccines to arrive. The Briefing covers several policy areas in which cooperative forward-looking policy action will materially improve our chances of truly escaping today's pandemic and making future pandemics less costly.
Author: Joost Pauwelyn
Author: Joost Pauwelyn
Author: Laura Puccio
Author: Ronald Labonté
Author: Christopher A. Casey
Author: Chien-Huei Wu
Author: Bernard M. Hoekman
Author: Clare Bambra
Author: Simon J.. Evenett
Author: Ilaria Espa
Author: Monica de Bolle