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Author: Praneeth Bathini Publisher: ISBN: Category : Biomedical engineering Languages : en Pages : 70
Book Description
This research study purpose is to design an optical transillumination based system and explore the potential of imaging enhancement, utilizing various contrast agents and polarimetry. This novel design can be used to study the polarimetric image characteristics of an optical phantom which replicates the nature of biological tissue, determining the morphological and metabolic information. Linearly polarized light was used to probe the phantom under test. Subsurface structure of the phantom was detected, with contrast agents like sugar solution, isopropyl alcohol and insulin solution. Co-polarized images provided results to affirm efficacy of the system design and principle adopted. A significant increase in the signal detected was observed with the increased contrast agent concentration, as an outcome of this study. Even under increased scattering conditions, the designed system was superior enough to provide enhanced detection. Polarization difference images have exhibited that the contrast, defined as signal to background ratio, can be augmented by multiple folds in comparison with just co-polarized images. Classification of the materials based on the results would be effective to learn about the embedded tissue structure and its optical characteristics. It would be interesting to apply advanced image processing algorithms that can reveal more information on this data. The whole study gives an additional dimension to optical imaging as significant platform with applications in the medical diagnostic arena.
Author: Praneeth Bathini Publisher: ISBN: Category : Biomedical engineering Languages : en Pages : 70
Book Description
This research study purpose is to design an optical transillumination based system and explore the potential of imaging enhancement, utilizing various contrast agents and polarimetry. This novel design can be used to study the polarimetric image characteristics of an optical phantom which replicates the nature of biological tissue, determining the morphological and metabolic information. Linearly polarized light was used to probe the phantom under test. Subsurface structure of the phantom was detected, with contrast agents like sugar solution, isopropyl alcohol and insulin solution. Co-polarized images provided results to affirm efficacy of the system design and principle adopted. A significant increase in the signal detected was observed with the increased contrast agent concentration, as an outcome of this study. Even under increased scattering conditions, the designed system was superior enough to provide enhanced detection. Polarization difference images have exhibited that the contrast, defined as signal to background ratio, can be augmented by multiple folds in comparison with just co-polarized images. Classification of the materials based on the results would be effective to learn about the embedded tissue structure and its optical characteristics. It would be interesting to apply advanced image processing algorithms that can reveal more information on this data. The whole study gives an additional dimension to optical imaging as significant platform with applications in the medical diagnostic arena.
Author: Sriram Atreya Paturi Publisher: ISBN: Category : Biology Languages : en Pages : 97
Book Description
The main purpose of this study was to explore the potential of optical active molecules as biomolecular photonic contrast agents in increasing the image contrast of biological structures in conjunction with optical polarimetric techniques using a preclinical phantom. The outcome of this study may contribute to enhanced detection of early diseases and pathologies in tissue. In this study, a preclinical phantom was designed and experiments were performed using a backscattered polarimetric imaging system. By using the principles of a rotating retarder polarimeter and data reduction algorithm based on polarimetric measurement matrix, Stokes parameters were calculated and finally the Degree of Linear Polarization (DOLP) images were calculated. The obtained S0 and DOLP images were fused to obtain an enhanced image which offers a high contrast resolution. This step was repeated for each concentration of optically active molecular contrast agents added to the preclinical phantom. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), signal-to-background ratio (SBR) and the number of pixels detected as edges were calculated to determine the image quality.The outcome of this study indicates clearly an increase in image quality parameters with increase in concentration of contrast agents like isopropyl alcohol, sugar solution and salt solution, to the preclinical phantom. It also indicates that the DOLP and fused images provide unsurpassable image quality with respect to S0 images highlighting the fact that the polarized light measurements yield a better output than the total intensity measurements. Overall, this optical polarimetric system in conjunction with the contrast agents can contribute to an effective imaging system for enhanced imaging characteristics and early tumor or tissue pathologies detection.
Author: Keerthi Srivastav Valluru Publisher: ISBN: Category : Biology Languages : en Pages : 91
Book Description
The purpose of this research study is to explore novel imaging methodologies using advanced polarimetric principles in conjunction with molecular contrast agents and biomarkers for early detection of tissue abnormalities. The novelty of this work consists in the use of optically active polar molecules, proteins and enzymes as innovative biomolecular contrast agents to extract biochemical and structural information contained within the optical signatures emitted by the tissue upon light interrogation. A preclinical phantom with multiple refractive-index variations was designed for the study and the experiments were conducted in two phases. The first phase of experiments was performed using a Near-Infrared (NIR) Laser source by combining Rotating Retarder Polarimeter Method and Polarimetric Measurement Matrix reduction techniques. L-Phenylalanine and Insulin Glargine were chosen as molecular contrast agents for this study. The resulting Degree of Linear Polarization (DOLP) images were analyzed for contrast differences and the image quality was assessed by computing Signal-to-Background Ratios (SBRs) for every concentration of molecular contrast agent added to the surrounding medium of the target.The second phase of experiments involved a broadband visible light source (655nm) and a microscopic objective lens system to interrogate the target utilizing Polarization Discrimination Methodologies. Isopropyl Alcohol, Glucose solution and Insulin Glargine were chosen as the molecular contrast agents for this study. The resulting co-polarized and cross-polarized images were processed to obtain DOLP images which were subsequently analyzed for contrast variations for every concentration of molecular contrast agent added. The quality of images obtained was assessed by implementing edge detection techniques on the DOLP images and tracing the changes in number of pixels detected as edges for varying concentrations of molecular contrast agents. Experimental results from both the studies indicate clearly that the molecular contrast agents used in this study were successful in improving the image contrast of the DOLP images obtained through (NIR) polarimetric imaging as well as broadband visible light polarimetric imaging techniques. Specifically, the results of this study indicate that the DOLP images were more sensitive to the variations in concentrations of the molecular contrast agents added to the surrounding medium of target compared to nonpolarimetric (S0) images, leading to a net enhancement of the image contrast. Overall, the contributions of this study suggest that the presented optical principles can be successfully applied to the diagnosis and assessment of cancer in early stages utilizing molecular contrast agents in conjunction to polarimetry concepts.
Author: Vandana Adya Publisher: ISBN: Category : Biomedical engineering Languages : en Pages : 93
Book Description
"The main purpose of this study is to explore the potential of optically active molecules in conjunction with single pixel detectors and polarimetric techniques for early detection of tissue pathologies. Optical polarimetry can provide invaluable biological information based on molecular composition of the medium, structure, geometry, and metabolism. The preclinical phantom used was a rectangular plexiglass container and the experiments were carried out under backscattering detection geometry. A NIRVANA (Newfocus Inc., Model 2007, Santa Clara, CA, USA) auto balance detector was employed throughout the study. Initial readings were taken with water, and then aqueous solution of optically active molecules was added into it. The readings were obtained for the two states of polarization of light, parallel and perpendicular polarization. The signal-to-noise ratio and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) were calculated. The outcome of this study indicated an increase of the backscattered detected signal, signal-to-noise ratio, and the DQE of the imaging system, with increase in the concentration of optically active contrast agents. The results obtained were validated by performing linear regression analysis and paired t-test. The statistical analysis indicated increase in backscattered detected signal, signal to noise ratio, DQE and significant difference between the two states of polarization. This increase in the backscattered signal due to difference in the refractive index between the background and the object, leads to an increased contrast image that would assist in the early detection of tumor, other tissue pathologies, and biological structures."--Abstract.
Author: Kamalakar Ambadipudi Publisher: ISBN: Category : Imaging systems in biology Languages : en Pages : 89
Book Description
"In optical imaging, the high random scattering of light in biological tissue can degrade the contrast of an image which could be a drawback in detection of tumors. Polarization based imaging has shown its capability in overcoming such drawbacks over the recent years. It depends on discrimination of randomly polarized light from weakly polarized light yielding an enhanced image contrast. The purpose of this research study was to investigate, compare and assess the imaging potential of two widely used techniques in the field of polarimetric imaging namely, Linear Polarimeter method (uses linearly polarized light) and Rotating Retarder Polarimeter method (uses circularly polarized light) to interrogate targets embedded in turbid biological media. This novel study may contribute to early detection of diseases and pathologies in biological tissues. The polarization properties of the backscattered light from a turbid medium containing a target submerged in a scattering solution were studied. A preclinical optical phantom was designed and the experiments were done in two phases, each phase corresponding to a different polarimetric technique. Specifically, a polystyrene cylinder was used as the target and the turbid medium was simulated by adding skim milk in volume percentage increments in both the phases. The first phase of experiments involved the Rotating Retarder Polarimeter method and the Polarimetric Measurement Matrix Reduction techniques. The images obtained by this method were processed by iv means of a data reduction algorithm, based on Polarimetric Measurement matrix method to calculate the Degree of Linear Polarization (DOLP) image and total intensity (S0) image. The second phase of experiments involved the Linear Polarimeter method. The resulting co-polarized and cross-polarized images from this method were processed to obtain Degree of Polarization (Rpol) images. Both of these experiments were performed using a backscattered polarimetric imaging system. The images obtained by both the techniques were analyzed by computing signal to background ratio (SBR) values and number of pixels detected as edges for every concentration of skim milk solution added to the surrounding medium of the target. The obtained images were then compared to determine the image quality. Experimental results from both these techniques showed that the DOLP images obtained by the Rotating Retarder Polarimeter method provide better contrast in terms of signal to background ratio (SBR) values and number of pixels detected as edges compared to Degree of Polarization (Rpol) images obtained by the linear Polarimeter method. Overall, the contributions of this study suggest that the interrogation of targets in turbid media using circularly polarized light exhibits superior imaging characteristics with respect to linearly polarized light interrogation."--Abstract.
Author: Valery V. Tuchin Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3540453210 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 281
Book Description
Optical Polarization in Biomedical Applications introduces key developments in optical polarization methods for quantitative studies of tissues, while presenting the theory of polarization transfer in a random medium as a basis for the quantitative description of polarized light interaction with tissues. This theory uses the modified transfer equation for Stokes parameters and predicts the polarization structure of multiple scattered optical fields. The backscattering polarization matrices (Jones matrix and Mueller matrix) important for noninvasive medical diagnostic are introduced. The text also describes a number of diagnostic techniques such as CW polarization imaging and spectroscopy, polarization microscopy and cytometry. As a new tool for medical diagnosis, optical coherent polarization tomography is analyzed. The monograph also covers a range of biomedical applications, among them cataract and glaucoma diagnostics, glucose sensing, and the detection of bacteria.
Author: Gábor Horváth Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3642547184 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 652
Book Description
This book covers advances made since the 2004 Springer volume “Polarized Light in Animal Vision” edited by Horvath and Varju, but also provides reviews and synopses of some areas. Part I examines polarization sensitivity across many animal taxa including vertebrates and invertebrates and details both terrestrial and aquatic life. Part II is devoted to the description of polarized light in nature and explores how the physics of light must be taken into account when understanding how polarized light is detected by the visual system. This includes underwater polarization due to scattering; polarization patterns reflected from freshwater bodies; polarization characteristics of forest canopies; normal and anomalous polarization patterns of the skies; skylight polarization transmitted through Snell’s window and both linearly and circularly polarized signals produced by terrestrial and aquatic animals. This Part also examines polarized “light pollution” induced by anthropogenic factors such as reflection off asphalt surfaces, glass panes, car bodies, and other man-made structures that are now known to form ecological traps for polarotactic insects. Part III surveys some of the practical applications of polarization vision including polarization-based traps for biting insects, ground-based polarimetric cloud detectors and an historical examination of the navigational abilities of Viking seafarers using the sky polarization compass. The deterrent qualities of ungulate pelage to polarization-sensitive biting insects is also examined in this section.
Author: Andrzej Gałecki Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1461439000 Category : Mathematics Languages : en Pages : 558
Book Description
Linear mixed-effects models (LMMs) are an important class of statistical models that can be used to analyze correlated data. Such data are encountered in a variety of fields including biostatistics, public health, psychometrics, educational measurement, and sociology. This book aims to support a wide range of uses for the models by applied researchers in those and other fields by providing state-of-the-art descriptions of the implementation of LMMs in R. To help readers to get familiar with the features of the models and the details of carrying them out in R, the book includes a review of the most important theoretical concepts of the models. The presentation connects theory, software and applications. It is built up incrementally, starting with a summary of the concepts underlying simpler classes of linear models like the classical regression model, and carrying them forward to LMMs. A similar step-by-step approach is used to describe the R tools for LMMs. All the classes of linear models presented in the book are illustrated using real-life data. The book also introduces several novel R tools for LMMs, including new class of variance-covariance structure for random-effects, methods for influence diagnostics and for power calculations. They are included into an R package that should assist the readers in applying these and other methods presented in this text.
Author: Josef Kallrath Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1475731280 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 376
Book Description
Focussing on the formulation of mathematical models for the light curves of eclipsing binary stars, and on the algorithms for generating such models, this book provides astronomers, both amateur and professional, with a guide for - specifying an astrophysical model for a set of observations - selecting an algorithm to determine the parameters of the model - estimating the errors of the parameters. It is written for readers with knowledge of basic calculus and linear algebra; appendices cover mathematical details on such matters as optimisation, co-ordinate systems, and specific models. While emphasising the physical and mathematical framework, the discussion remains close to the problems of actual implementation. The book concludes with chapters on specific models and approaches and the authors'views on the structure of future light-curve programs.
Author: Neil T. Choplin Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1482209225 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 362
Book Description
Glaucoma affects all age groups and is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. It is imperative that practicing clinicians and surgeons recognize both primary and secondary glaucoma as well as cases of glaucoma associated with other disorders. Atlas of Glaucoma, Third Edition provides an in-depth review and analysis of the management of glaucoma an
Author: Praneeth Bathini
Author: Praneeth Bathini
Author: Sriram Atreya Paturi
Author: Keerthi Srivastav Valluru
Author: Vandana Adya
Author: Kamalakar Ambadipudi
Author: Valery V. Tuchin
Author: Gábor Horváth
Author: Andrzej Gałecki
Author: Josef Kallrath
Author: Neil T. Choplin