Experimental Investigation of Irradiation Creep and Growth of Recrystallized Zircaloy-4 Guide Tubes Pre-Irradiated in PWR PDF Download
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Author: Margaret A. McGrath Publisher: ISBN: Category : Guide tube Languages : en Pages : 24
Book Description
Re-crystallized Zircaloy-4 guide tubes were irradiated in commercial pressurized water reactors (PWRs) at three different temperatures to fluences near 1 x 1022 n/cm2 E>1 MeV (15 displacements per atom), resulting in moderate corrosion and three different hydrogen contents (approximately 135, 240, and 700 parts per million). Sections of the guide tubes were re-irradiated in the Halden reactor to assess the irradiation creep and growth behaviors. Three conditions were applied: Bellows-loaded axial compression creep; zero stress growth; and zero stress, zero flux (control specimens). The guide tube sections were re-irradiated under simulated PWR conditions by utilizing a pressurized light water loop operating with normal PWR water chemistry at approximately 320C. Axial length changes were measured in-reactor by linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs), and post-irradiation hot cell measurements were done to confirm the LVDT elongation measurements. After minor corrections were made to account for reactor testing variables, it was shown that the LVDT measurements were accurate, thus creep and growth or free growth rates were established for each guide tube section. Hot cell examinations were also performed to establish the state of corrosion of each specimen, including hydrogen content, both before and after the re-irradiation in the Halden reactor. The results showed that stress free irradiation growth was different for each specimen and correlated qualitatively with the hydrogen content and commercial irradiation temperatures of the guide tubes. The higher hydrogen content, or higher commercial irradiation temperature, gave rise to higher subsequent growth rates. After subtracting the growth strain from the measured creep and growth strain values, the magnitude of creep and creep rates were essentially the same for all specimens: No effect of commercial reactor irradiation temperature or hydrogen content was observed. The results give important new data on irradiation creep and growth and on the correlation between hydrogen content and irradiation temperature on growth rates.
Author: Margaret A. McGrath Publisher: ISBN: Category : Guide tube Languages : en Pages : 24
Book Description
Re-crystallized Zircaloy-4 guide tubes were irradiated in commercial pressurized water reactors (PWRs) at three different temperatures to fluences near 1 x 1022 n/cm2 E>1 MeV (15 displacements per atom), resulting in moderate corrosion and three different hydrogen contents (approximately 135, 240, and 700 parts per million). Sections of the guide tubes were re-irradiated in the Halden reactor to assess the irradiation creep and growth behaviors. Three conditions were applied: Bellows-loaded axial compression creep; zero stress growth; and zero stress, zero flux (control specimens). The guide tube sections were re-irradiated under simulated PWR conditions by utilizing a pressurized light water loop operating with normal PWR water chemistry at approximately 320C. Axial length changes were measured in-reactor by linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs), and post-irradiation hot cell measurements were done to confirm the LVDT elongation measurements. After minor corrections were made to account for reactor testing variables, it was shown that the LVDT measurements were accurate, thus creep and growth or free growth rates were established for each guide tube section. Hot cell examinations were also performed to establish the state of corrosion of each specimen, including hydrogen content, both before and after the re-irradiation in the Halden reactor. The results showed that stress free irradiation growth was different for each specimen and correlated qualitatively with the hydrogen content and commercial irradiation temperatures of the guide tubes. The higher hydrogen content, or higher commercial irradiation temperature, gave rise to higher subsequent growth rates. After subtracting the growth strain from the measured creep and growth strain values, the magnitude of creep and creep rates were essentially the same for all specimens: No effect of commercial reactor irradiation temperature or hydrogen content was observed. The results give important new data on irradiation creep and growth and on the correlation between hydrogen content and irradiation temperature on growth rates.
Author: JY. Ren Publisher: ISBN: Category : Irradiation Languages : en Pages : 8
Book Description
Experimental investigation of irradiation growth on annealed Zircaloy-4 and 20% to 50% cold-worked Zr-2.5wt%Nb specimens with stress relief has been carried out. The specimens are irradiated in a heavy water reactor at 610 K to 4.2 x 1024 n/m2 (E > 1.0 MeV). The growth strains increase linearly with fluence. The saturation of growth is not observed for all specimens. The difference of growth behavior between two kinds of Zircaloy-4 tube may be associated with the content of minor alloying elements and impurities that influence the microstructure evolution under irradiation.
Author: Charles P. Poole Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0080550487 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 671
Book Description
Superconductivity, 2E is an encyclopedic treatment of all aspects of the subject, from classic materials to fullerenes. Emphasis is on balanced coverage, with a comprehensive reference list and significant graphicsfrom all areas of the published literature. Widely used theoretical approaches are explained in detail. Topics of special interest include high temperature superconductors, spectroscopy, critical states, transport properties, and tunneling.This book covers the whole field of superconductivity from both the theoretical and the experimental point of view. Comprehensive coverage of the field of superconductivity Very up-to date on magnetic properties, fluxons, anisotropies, etc. Over 2500 references to the literature Long lists of data on the various types of superconductors
Author: B. Bourdiliau Publisher: ISBN: Category : Deformation mechanisms Languages : en Pages : 25
Book Description
Zirconium alloys are commonly used in pressurized water reactor as fuel rod cladding tubes. After irradiation and cooling in pool, the spent nuclear fuel assemblies are either transported for wet storage to a devoted site or loaded in suitable casks for dry storage on a nuclear power plant site. During dry transportation or at the beginning of dry storage, at temperatures around 400°C, the cladding experiences a creep deformation under the hoop stress induced by the internal pressure of the fuel rod. During creep, a recovery of the radiation damage can occur that can affect the subsequent mechanical properties. The mechanical behavior of the cladding has been investigated in laboratory on two neutron irradiated cladding materials: fully recrystallized Zr-1 % Nb and stress-relieved Zircaloy-4. Creep tests under internal pressure were conducted at 400 and 420°C. After depressurization and cooling, ring tensile tests were carried out at room temperature. In addition, transmission electron microscopy observations have been performed after testing. The post-creep mechanical response exhibited a decrease of the strength compared to the as-irradiated material. This decrease is associated with a significant recovery of the ductility, which becomes close to the ductility of the unirradiated material. The transmission electron microscopy examinations, conducted on recrystallized Zr-1 % Nb ring samples, revealed that the radiation defects have been annealed. It was also observed that as for the unirradiated material, the deformation occurred homogeneously throughout the grains. No dislocation channeling was observed contrary to the as-irradiated material. These observations explain the recovery of the strength and of the ductility after post-irradiation creep that may also occur during dry transportation or at the beginning of dry storage.
Author: M. Dahlbäck Publisher: ISBN: Category : Corrosion Languages : en Pages : 29
Book Description
The effect of ?-quenching performed in the final size of Zircaloy-4 guide tubes and Zircaloy-2 sheets during fabrication process on the products' mechanical properties, crystallographic texture, microstructure, and corrosion behavior has been investigated and presented in this paper. Moreover, the impact of this processing on the irradiation growth of pressurized water reactor Zircaloy-4 guide tubes in a test reactor and Zircaloy-2 fuel channels in boiling water reactors has been evaluated. The results indicate that the irradiation growth rates of the final dimension ?-quenched (FDBQ) products are substantially lower than those fabricated by conventional (Standard) techniques. BWR channels irradiated up to a fast neutron fluence of about 9 x 1025 m-2 maintain this low growth behavior. Corrosion properties of FDBQ products have been made similar to that of the Standard material by performing an ?annealing step after the ?-quenching. The annealing temperature and annealing time have been optimized in order to obtain good corrosion resistance. In-reactor data on Zircaloy-2 channels irradiated to a fuel assembly exposure of about 50 MWd/kgU indicate similar corrosion performance for the FDBQ and Standard materials. Finally, the in-reactor data on Zircaloy-2 channels show that bowing of the FDBQ and Standard channels is comparable up to a fast neutron fluence of about 7 x 1025 m-2.
Author: Margaret A. McGrath
Author: Margaret A. McGrath
Author: 
Author: 
Author: JY. Ren
Author: R. A. Holt
Author: Charles P. Poole
Author: B. Bourdiliau
Author: L. J. Defferding
Author: R. A. Holt
Author: M. Dahlbäck