Author: Jerry L. Chen Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 97
Book Description
An ever increasing amount of evidence is demonstrating that structural plasticity is a diverse and ongoing feature that contributes to plasticity in the adult brain. It was previously shown that dendritic arbors of inhibitory interneurons in superficial layer 2/3 can remodel in the adult cortex. Here, we investigated the role of these structural rearrangements during experience-dependent adult plasticity. Using in vivo two photon imaging, we monitored intemeuron dendritic branch tip remodeling in response to changes in visual experience in the adult mouse visual cortex. We find that branch tip dynamics are induced by novel experiences in a stimulus-specific manner. Visual deprivation produces rearrangements that are circuit-specific and are different for branch tips extending into LI or L2/3. The weakening of dendritic input onto these cells functions to reduce levels of inhibition in local cortical circuits. This reduced inhibitory tone provides more salience to remaining instructive input, allowing more structural and functional adaptations to occur. In order to better understand how synaptic plasticity accompanies these dendritic arbor rearrangements as well as other forms of structural plasticity, we developed a method to simultaneously monitor structural and synaptic dynamics in the mammalian brain using in vivo two-photon microscopy. Structural and synaptic components can be labeled in cortical neurons of mice in a cell type and laminar specific manner through co-injection of independent lentiviral vectors at a late embryonic or early postnatal age. We demonstrate that excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic densities can be visualized by tagging fluorescent proteins to PSD95 and Gephyrin, respectively. Finally, we show that the fluorescent proteins, Teal and Venus, can be simultaneously excited and spectrally resolved through linear unmixing so that individual structural and synaptic components can be identified and followed over time. Through this approach, the relationship between synaptic and structural plasticity can be studied in the living brain.
Author: Greg Stuart Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA ISBN: 0198566565 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 578
Book Description
Dendrites form the major receiving part of neurons. This text presents a survey of knowledge on dendrites, from their morphology and development, through to their electrical chemical, and computational properties.
Author: Arjen van Ooyen Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0128038721 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 586
Book Description
The adult brain is not as hard-wired as traditionally thought. By modifying their small- or large-scale morphology, neurons can make new synaptic connections or break existing ones (structural plasticity). Structural changes accompany memory formation and learning, and are induced by neurogenesis, neurodegeneration and brain injury such as stroke. Exploring the role of structural plasticity in the brain can be greatly assisted by mathematical and computational models, as they enable us to bridge the gap between system-level dynamics and lower level cellular and molecular processes. However, most traditional neural network models have fixed neuronal morphologies and a static connectivity pattern, with plasticity merely arising from changes in the strength of existing synapses (synaptic plasticity). In The Rewiring Brain, the editors bring together for the first time contemporary modeling studies that investigate the implications of structural plasticity for brain function and pathology. Starting with an experimental background on structural plasticity in the adult brain, the book covers computational studies on homeostatic structural plasticity, the impact of structural plasticity on cognition and cortical connectivity, the interaction between synaptic and structural plasticity, neurogenesis-related structural plasticity, and structural plasticity in neurological disorders. Structural plasticity adds a whole new dimension to brain plasticity, and The Rewiring Brain shows how computational approaches may help to gain a better understanding of the full adaptive potential of the adult brain. The book is written for both computational and experimental neuroscientists. Reviews the current state of knowledge of structural plasticity in the adult brain Gives a comprehensive overview of computational studies on structural plasticity Provides insights into the potential driving forces of structural plasticity and the functional implications of structural plasticity for learning and memory Serves as inspiration for developing novel treatment strategies for stimulating functional repair after brain damage
Author: Kazuo Emoto Publisher: Springer ISBN: 4431560505 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 596
Book Description
Studies in human patients and animal models of disease suggest a strong correlation between defects in dendrite development and common neurological disorders such as autism. Much of this book is thus dedicated toward highlighting recent advances in our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the development and maintenance of dendrites, a crucial component of neurons. The book begins by presenting the current state of knowledge on the building blocks or cell biology of dendrites. Mechanisms that sculpt the stereotypic architecture of dendritic arbors and shape their connectivity are also discussed, along with recent work describing how dendritic organization and connectivity are perturbed in disease. A unique aspect of the book is its exploration of diverse neuronal cell types across vertebrates and invertebrates, allowing a comparison of mechanisms across distinct circuits and species. The book comprises six parts, which cover the major advances in the field: Part 1, Introduction; Part 2, Basic Biology of Dendrites; Part 3, Patterning Dendritic Architecture of Neurons and Their Populations; Part 4, Cellular and Molecular Control of Dendrite Development and Maintenance; Part 5, Synapse Formation onto Dendrites; and Part 6, Dendrites in Disease. The book offers an excellent point of entry for students interested in neuroscience, as well as for clinicians.
Author: Wei-Chung Allen Lee Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 100
Book Description
(Cont.) This suggests that cpg15 is an excellent molecular marker for the visual system's capacity for plasticity and predicts that neural remodeling normally occurs in the extragranular layers of the adult visual cortex. To examine the extent of neuronal remodeling that occurs in the brain on a daily basis, we used a multi-photon based microscopy system for chronic in vivo imaging and reconstruction of entire neurons in the superficial layers of the rodent cerebral cortex. Here, we show the first unambiguous evidence of dendrite growth and remodeling in adult neurons. Over a period of months, neurons could be seen extending and retracting existing branches, and in rare cases adding new branch tips. Neurons exhibiting dynamic arbor rearrangements were GABA positive non-pyramidal interneurons, while pyramidal cells remained stable. These results are consistent with the idea that dendritic structural remodeling is a substrate for adult plasticity and suggest that circuit rearrangement in the adult cortex is restricted by cell type-specific rules.
Author: Francesco Signorelli Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand ISBN: 9535111604 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 526
Book Description
Functional brain mapping has by now gained a high impact on research and clinical practice: huge funds are unveiled all over the world in order to boost the research and clinical applications of this field of neuroscience. The most successful approach to unlock the mysteries of the brain, to tell it with Jay Ingram, is to bring together an interdisciplinary network of scientists and clinicians and encourage an interchange of ideas. It is this crossfire we try to promote with this book.
Author: Kazuo Imaizumi Publisher: Frontiers Media SA ISBN: 2889454789 Category : Languages : en Pages : 152
Book Description
Spontaneous activity in the nervous system is defined as neural activity that is not driven by an external stimulus and is considered a problem for sensory processing and computation. However, spontaneous activity is not completely random and often has unique spatiotemporal patterns that instruct neural circuit development in the developing brain. Moreover, normal and aberrant patterns of spontaneous activity underlie behavioral states and diseased conditions in the adult brain. The recent technological development has shed light on these unique questions in spontaneous activity. This eBook provides both original and review articles in the propensity, mechanisms, and functions of spontaneous activity in the sensory system. Our goal is to define the state of knowledge in the field, the current challenges, and the future directions for research.
Author: Donald W. Pfaff Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030888320 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 4592
Book Description
Edited and authored by a wealth of international experts in neuroscience and related disciplines, this key new resource aims to offer medical students and graduate researchers around the world a comprehensive introduction and overview of modern neuroscience. Neuroscience research is certain to prove a vital element in combating mental illness in its various incarnations, a strategic battleground in the future of medicine, as the prevalence of mental disorders is becoming better understood each year. Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are affected by mental, behavioral, neurological and substance use disorders. The World Health Organization estimated in 2002 that 154 million people globally suffer from depression and 25 million people from schizophrenia; 91 million people are affected by alcohol use disorders and 15 million by drug use disorders. A more recent WHO report shows that 50 million people suffer from epilepsy and 24 million from Alzheimer’s and other dementias. Because neuroscience takes the etiology of disease—the complex interplay between biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors—as its object of inquiry, it is increasingly valuable in understanding an array of medical conditions. A recent report by the United States’ Surgeon General cites several such diseases: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, early-onset depression, autism, attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, anorexia nervosa, and panic disorder, among many others. Not only is this volume a boon to those wishing to understand the future of neuroscience, it also aims to encourage the initiation of neuroscience programs in developing countries, featuring as it does an appendix full of advice on how to develop such programs. With broad coverage of both basic science and clinical issues, comprising around 150 chapters from a diversity of international authors and including complementary video components, Neuroscience in the 21st Century in its third edition serves as a comprehensive resource to students and researchers alike.
Author: Jerry L. Chen
Author: Greg Stuart
Author: R. Eavri
Author: Arjen van Ooyen
Author: Kazuo Emoto
Author: Wei-Chung Allen Lee
Author: Francesco Signorelli
Author: Kazuo Imaizumi
Author: Donald W. Pfaff
Author: Randolf Menzel