Author: Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 52
Book Description
Haushaltungs ; Kassa- & Tagebuch, System Fischer
Author: Radioactive Waste Management
Author: Economics and Politics of Energy
Author: Behram N. KursunogammaluPublisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 0306453878
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 235
Book Description
The 1995 conference was organized around two closely related themes and focused on the two pivotal aspects of energy, that is, economics and politics, both of which are decisive in providing long-term national and international strategies for the next century. Originally the program was going to include the participants from the new oil powers in Central Asia and Caucasus, newly independent from the former U.S.S.R. However, probably both economics and politics prevented their participation. Global energy projections, technological changes such as nuclear power and the fuel geopolitics of the coming century will be the basis for political and strategic planning. Based on the scenarios of likely global economic and population growth and of new energy technologies, what are foreseeable scenarios for the geopolitics of energy a half century ahead? What fresh worldwide systems should we start now? The political problems with profound economic impact could include, for example, the significance of the continuing worldwide growth of nuclear power, with such issues as the use of Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU) and Plutonium obtained from the dismantling of U.S. and former U.S.S.R. nuclear weapons; the urgency of nonproliferation; the disposal of civilian and military nuclear waste; and, nuclear power alternatives. In spite of U.S. reluctance, the increasing role of nuclear power is becoming apparent in several countries, and its potential has become an important political factor today.
Energy Research Abstracts
Author: Annual Book of ASTM Standards
Author: ASTM InternationalPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Materials
Languages : en
Pages : 1196
Book Description
Expected Precision for Neutron Multiplicity Assay Using Higher Order Moments
Author: Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 11
Book Description
This paper reports on the development of a new Figure of Merit code that can calculate the expected precision in neutron multiplicity assay using higher order moments. The code is used to provide a first look at the quadruple coincidence count rate and its expected precision. The results are good enough to warrant further study of potential applications of quadruple (quad) coincidences for large multiplying plutonium items. Also, the new code makes it possible to estimate the multiplicity assay precision if only randomly-triggered moments are used. This approach is described briefly, along with the current status of the investigation.
Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Facility Operations -- Safeguards Interface
Author: Publisher:
ISBN: 9780894486425
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 428
Book Description
James Darling
Author: Sensitivity and Accuracy Considerations for Neutron Assay of Plutonium-contaminated Waste in Large Containers
Author: Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 6
Book Description
Since the 1970 innovations have allowed both active and passive neutron techniques to address various safeguards and waste measurement needs in the DOE complex. Much research was focused on satisfjring the 100-nCi/g detection limit for TRU waste in 208-liter drums. The emphasis on measuring drum-sized containers for disposal at WIPP has resulted in improved waste assay capability that now needs to be extended to larger containers. The desire to expedite the decontamination and decommissioning of certtain DOE facilities, and the large waste encountered in that process, has prompted the need for increasingly large disposal containers. Instruments have recently been built to accommodate crates that are nearly 100 cubic feet in volume, such as a B-25 box or Standard Waste 13ox. The density of hydrogen inside a waste container profoundly affects the accuracy of neutron measurements, and the metal content greatly affects sensitivity. Depending on the matrix, and especially the hydrogen content, the response of an instrument to a single point source can vary tremendously within the container. Because the density and composition of metals inside each container are unknown, the observed cosmic ray background rate varies from one container to the next, resulting in a loss of sensitivity for passive counters. In the paper we will explore the magnitude of these problcms for both metal- and hydrogen-bearing matrices in a crate-sized containers.
Neutron Multiplication Error in TRU Waste Measurements
Author: Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
Total Measurement Uncertainty (TMU) in neutron assays of transuranic waste (TRU) are comprised of several components including counting statistics, matrix and source distribution, calibration inaccuracy, background effects, and neutron multiplication error. While a minor component for low plutonium masses, neutron multiplication error is often the major contributor to the TMU for items containing more than 140 g of weapons grade plutonium. Neutron multiplication arises when neutrons from spontaneous fission and other nuclear events induce fissions in other fissile isotopes in the waste, thereby multiplying the overall coincidence neutron response in passive neutron measurements. Since passive neutron counters cannot differentiate between spontaneous and induced fission neutrons, multiplication can lead to positive bias in the measurements. Although neutron multiplication can only result in a positive bias, it has, for the purpose of mathematical simplicity, generally been treated as an error that can lead to either a positive or negative result in the TMU. While the factors that contribute to neutron multiplication include the total mass of fissile nuclides, the presence of moderating material in the matrix, the concentration and geometry of the fissile sources, and other factors; measurement uncertainty is generally determined as a function of the fissile mass in most TMU software calculations because this is the only quantity determined by the passive neutron measurement. Neutron multiplication error has a particularly pernicious consequence for TRU waste analysis because the measured Fissile Gram Equivalent (FGE) plus twice the TMU error must be less than 200 for TRU waste packaged in 55-gal drums and less than 325 for boxed waste. For this reason, large errors due to neutron multiplication can lead to increased rejections of TRU waste containers. This report will attempt to better define the error term due to neutron multiplication and arrive at values that are more realistic and accurate. To do so, measurements of standards and waste drums were performed with High Efficiency Neutron Counters (HENC) located at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The data were analyzed for multiplication effects and new estimates of the multiplication error were computed. A concluding section will present alternatives for reducing the number of rejections of TRU waste containers due to neutron multiplication error.