Author: Publisher:
ISBN: 9789268058152
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
EU-wide Comparison of the Characteristics and Presentation of Branded Food Products (2021).
Author: EU-wide Comparison of the Characteristics and Presentation of Branded Food Products (2021).
Author: EU-wide Comparison of the Characteristics and Presentation of Branded Food Products (2021).
Author: Publisher:
ISBN: 9789268058145
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
This annex summarises the results from the online survey, providing a more detailed analysis of the brand owners' (potential) responses to the changes in EU legislation concerning DC-SIP - i.e. the amendments to the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive (UCPD) - that Member States must apply from 28 May 2022.
EU-wide Comparison of the Characteristics and Presentation of Branded Food Products (2021).
Author: Publisher:
ISBN: 9789268058169
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
This annex aims to provide a conceptual understanding of how businesses active in the European single market may react to the recently added provision of Directive 2005/29/EC - the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive (UCPD) - concerning differences in composition of seemingly identical branded food products (DC-SIP). The analyses employ a theoretical approach to investigate this issue. More specifically, first, this annex attempts to explain theoretically the potential responses of companies to the amended UCPD by building on the previous work done in the field. Second, this annex provides a detailed theoretical analysis of the role of consumers' trust and brand equity and their implications for companies' potential responses to the amended UCPD. The purpose of this annex is to develop more comprehensive theoretical insights into companies' potential responses to the amended UCPD and to provide a conceptual basis for the empirical analyses carried out for this report based on the online company surveys. The theoretical analyses presented in this annex serve as a basis to identify relevant relationships, reduce biases when interpreting the empirical results and deploy related knowledge available in the literature when deriving and analysing the implications of the amended UCPD for companies' potential actions on DC-SIP. This annex builds on previous studies analysing DC-SIP (Colen et al., 2020; Di Marcantonio et al., 2020; Russo et al., 2020; Nes et al. 2021). For example, this includes the study of Russo et al. (2020), which investigated the factors incentivising brand owners to market different versions of the same product in different Member States and the market implications of different regulatory options. This also includes the reports of Colen et al. (2020) and Di Marcantonio et al. (2020), which investigated DC-SIP from the consumer's perspective by looking at the potential impact on consumers' purchasing decisions and welfare. Relevant for this analysis is also the study of Nes et al. (2021), which empirically estimated the economic factors and drivers (from both a producer's and a consumer's perspective) affecting the incidence of DC-SIP across Member States. Finally, this annex builds on previous studies that are indirectly related to the topic but can improve our understanding of the economic aspects of DC-SIP (e.g. Melewar and Vemmervik, 2004; Grunert, 2005; Schmid and Kotulla, 2011; Passarini et al., 2017; European Commission Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs, 2020). This annex, along with the rest of this report, analyses the differences in the composition of branded food products offered in different Member States. These compositional differences should not be interpreted as quality differences, because differences in the composition of a product do not necessarily affect its quality. In addition, the theoretical analyses conducted in this annex do not investigate whether the DC-SIP practices constitute a misleading practice within the meaning of the UCPD. This type of legal analysis is out of the scope of this annex and would require case-by-case assessment by competent national authorities. Moreover, the analyses in this annex are hypothetical in nature and do not have legal implications as such.
EU-wide Comparison of the Characteristics and Presentation of Branded Food Products (2021).
Author: Publisher:
ISBN: 9789268058176
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
This annex provides graphical representations - dendrograms - of the product-specific hierarchical cluster analysis. Vertical lines joining products indicate that the products are similar and belong to the same group, and the linkage distance along the horizontal axis at which clusters are joined indicates the (dis)similarity of the products. For example, in the first figure, two clusters indicate the similarities between the national versions of Almette cheese spread (cluster 1: Austria, Romania; cluster 2: Czechia, Lithuania). For Alpro Soya Original, four clusters are defined (cluster 1: Spain, Italy, Portugal; cluster 2: Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden; cluster 3: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia, France, Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Finland; and cluster 4: Greece, Cyprus, Slovenia). Note that the linkage distance in the figures cannot be compared across tested products or with the results reported in the previous testing campaign because they are based on different underlying data (e.g. number of versions, number of Member States).
Results of an EU Wide Comparison of Quality Related Characteristics of Food Products
Author: Results of an EU Wide Comparison of Quality Related Characteristics of Food Products
Author: Publisher:
ISBN: 9789276085690
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
This methodology was used to collect information on the composition of a wide variety of branded and private label food products. The nutrition declaration, ingredient list and quantitative ingredient declaration as printed on the product labels and the front-of-pack appearance was used for categorising products according to their similarity.
Economic Analyses of Differences in Composition of Seemingly Identical Branded Food Products in the Single Market
Author: Publisher:
ISBN: 9789276181149
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
Differences in composition of seemingly identical, branded food products (DC-SIP) occur when a good is marketed in one country as being identical (labelling, and appearance on packaging) to goods marketed in other countries, while that good has significantly different composition. The DC-SIP issue was brought to policymakers' attention in 2017 by tests conducted in several Eastern EU Member States, which showed that some brand owners sell products across the EU Single Market, which are of different composition, despite having the same or similar packaging. The European Parliament and the European Council stressed the importance of tackling the issue of dual quality products, and requested that the European Commission investigate these practices, and find a solution at the European level. As a response to this request, the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC), in collaboration with experts from Member States' competent authorities and stakeholders in the food chain, developed and applied a harmonised methodology in 2018/2019, with the objective of bringing further evidence on whether the composition of various branded food products differed across Member States. A large EU-wide testing campaign confirmed that of the food products which were evaluated, 9% were found to have differences in composition but had identical front packaging, and 22% had differences in composition and had similar front packaging (European Commission, 2019). Further initiatives regarding the relevant regulatory framework were taken by the European Commission to address DC-SIP. Moreover, in April 2018, the European Commission tabled a proposal for the amendment of the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive 2005/29/EC, aimed at introducing more specific rules on the DC-SIP issue. The European Parliament and the Council adopted these amendments on 27 November 2019 (European Commission, 2018, 2019b). Furthermore, at the request of the European Parliament, the JRC carried out an economic analysis of DC-SIP in collaboration with DG GROW, to develop a better understanding of the drivers, and of the impact of this phenomenon. This report summarises the main finding of this pilot project. The specific objectives of this project were to: 1. Explain the rationale for brand owners to offer different versions of identically or similarly branded food products in different markets 2. Analyse the impact of DC-SIP on consumers' choices and welfare 3. Identify the main determinants of the occurrence of DC-SIP across Member States.
Economic Determinants of Differences in the Composition of Seemingly Identical Branded Food Products in the EU
Author: Publisher:
ISBN: 9789276142454
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
Over the last few years, practices relating to differences in the composition of seemingly identical branded food products (DC-SIP) observed across different Member States (MS) have been under intense scrutiny from policymakers and stakeholders in the European Union. Communications by the European Parliament (European Parliament, 2013; European Parliament, 2017; European Parliament, 2018) and the European Council (Council of the European Union, 2016) have stressed the importance of tackling the issue of DC-SIP, and requested the European Commission to investigate these practices and to find a solution at European level. The objective of this report is to provide potential explanations for the occurrence of DC-SIP across MS. More specifically, the report utilises data from the EU wide campaign testing differences in the components of various products (European Commission, 2019b), in combination with economic data collected from various statistical sources (e.g. Eurostat, Eurobarometer, World Bank, Global Dietary Database), to examine economic drivers of DC-SIP in the European Union. The final dataset covers 19 different MS and 127 products. Econometric estimation - Probit estimator - is performed on this combined dataset to quantitatively identify economic drivers of DC-SIP. Potential economic drivers of DC-SIP are identified from economic literature, and factors related to consumer demand (Colen, Chryssochoidis, Ciaian, & Di Marcantonio, 2020), production, and specific MS (Russo, Menapace, & Sansone, 2020) are included. The following factors are considered in relation to consumer demand: differences in GDP per capita, dietary index, attitude index, and price level between countries. The following factors are considered in relation to production: shared official language, shared border, distance, company size, product complexity (product with three ingredients or fewer).
Handbook of Visual Communication
Author: Kenneth L. SmithPublisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1135636532
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 625
Book Description
This Handbook of Visual Communication explores the key theoretical areas in visual communication, and presents the research methods utilized in exploring how people see and how visual communication occurs. With chapters contributed by many of the best-known and respected scholars in visual communication, this volume brings together significant and influential work in the visual communication discipline. The theory chapters included here define the twelve major theories in visual communication scholarship: aesthetics, perception, representation, visual rhetoric, cognition, semiotics, reception theory, narrative, media aesthetics, ethics, visual literacy, and cultural studies. Each of these theory chapters is followed by exemplar studies in the area, demonstrating the various methods used in visual communication research as well as the research approaches applicable for specific media types. The Handbook serves as an invaluable reference for visual communication theory as well as a useful resource book of research methods in the discipline. It defines the current state of theory and research in visual communication, and serves as a foundation for future scholarship and study. As such, it is required reading for scholars, researchers, and advanced students in visual communication, and it will be influential in other disciplines in which the visual component is key, including advertising, persuasion, and media studies. The volume will also be useful to practitioners seeking to understand the visual aspects of their media and the visual processes used by their audiences.