Essays on Trade Integration and Firm Dynamics PDF Download

Author: Ines Buono
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 123

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Author: Ali Saadatnia
Publisher:
ISBN: 9788449056512
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 68

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Esta tesis se centra en la dinámica de la firma y el comercio internacional, y la relación entre ellos. Hay gran número de documentos que ya se han reportado aumentos de la productividad del comercio o de papel de la productividad internacional en la selección y el crecimiento de la empresa. Todos ellos tratan de responder a las siguientes preguntas conocidas: "¿La productividad determinan la selección y el crecimiento de las empresas?"; Aquí, podemos agregar algunas otras preguntas: ¿Cuál es el efecto del comercio en empresas de alta tecnología y de baja tecnología? ¿Tiene la inversión en actividades de innovación tiene ningún efecto sobre la productividad? El punto es que en la mayor de las obras anteriores, el efecto del comercio sobre la productividad y la demanda ha sido desigual. Si el uso de los resultados anteriores misdirects dinámica de firmes o efecto del comercio sobre la productividad de las empresas, puede haber algunas cosas que pueden ser dirigidas por una mejor medida de la productividad y el acceso a la ESEE. El primer capítulo, aborda la estimación de la productividad a nivel de empresa y la relación entre la productividad y el valor del producto con el rendimiento de las empresas. La productividad de la empresa se descompone al componente técnico y el componente de valor del producto. Nos encontramos con que el componente de valor del producto es significativamente importante como perturbaciones a la PTF en los resultados empresariales y la rotación, sin embargo, el grado de respuesta a la producción y los precios es más largo y más grande para perturbaciones a la PTF. Nuestros resultados muestran que tanto los exportadores y las empresas multinacionales tienen valores de productividad y de productos superiores. El papel del valor del producto es, sin embargo, más importante que el acceso a los mercados extranjeros. Usando STF físicas y de ingresos para evaluar la apertura comercial sobre el desempeño de las empresas muestra que la literatura previa exagera el papel del comercio en la productividad de las empresas, y distorsiona su efecto sobre la demanda. En este capítulo también se investiga el efecto de los gastos en I + D en la productividad a nivel de empresa, y el vínculo entre las actividades de innovación en firme y la productividad. Los resultados muestran que las empresas que invierten en actividades de I + D tienen una productividad más alta en comparación con otras empresas y empresas con eficiencia técnica bajo o alto valor del producto son más propensos a emprender la innovación de productos. En el último capítulo de la tesis, un modelo de equilibrio general de dos países se estudia que aborda conjuntamente la decisión de las empresas heterogéneas para servir a los mercados extranjeros, ya sea a través de las exportaciones o la inversión extranjera directa y sus opciones tecnológicas. En equilibrio, solamente las empresas más productivas optan por servir en los mercados extranjeros y las empresas más productivas elegirán además a actualizar su tecnología. Por último, las empresas de propiedad extranjera con tecnología de bajo nivel de salida del mercado más que los que la adopción de la alta tecnología. ESEE se emplea para verificar el efecto de la apertura sobre la productividad a nivel de empresa. Los resultados muestran que la reducción de aranceles, en promedio, disminuye la IED de baja tecnología en un 4% a 6%, pero no hay ningún efecto significativo en la alta tecnología las empresas de propiedad extranjera 1990-2009.

Author: Takashi Kamihigashi
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3540786767
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 532

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Renowned trade theorist Koji Shimomura passed away in February 2007 at the age of 54. He published nearly 100 articles in international academic journals. The loss of this extremely productive economist has been an enormous shock to the economic profession. This volume has emerged from the great desire on the part of the profession to honor his contributions to economic research. Contributors include authoritative figures in trade theory such as Murray Kemp, Ronald Jones, Henry Wan, and Wilfred Ethier, world-renowned macroeconomists such as Stephen Turnovski and Costas Azariadis, and leading Japanese economists such as Kazuo Nishimura, Makoto Yano, Ryuzo Sato, and Koichi Hamada. This broad range of contributors reflects Koji Shimomura’s many connections as well as the respect he earned in the economic profession. This volume offers the reader a rare opportunity to learn the views of so many renowned economists from different schools of thought.

Author: George A. Alessandria
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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We review the literature that studies the dynamics of firms in foreign markets, both at the intensive and extensive margins, and their aggregate implications. We first summarize a set of micro facts on exporter entry, expansion, contraction, and exit and macro facts about the response of aggregate trade flows to trade-policy and business-cycle shocks. We then present the canonical model developed in the literature to account for these facts and discuss its connection to the empirical evidence. We show how three model features -- future uncertain profits, an investment in market access, and high depreciation of that access upon exit -- generate transition dynamics and long-run aggregate outcomes from a cut in tariffs. The model and its extensions contribute to our understanding of the dynamics of trade integration and the evolution of future trade barriers. We discuss the key challenges faced by the canonical model, possible extensions, and applications of the framework to recent global events.

Author: Chujian Shao
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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In this dissertation, I focus on studying three questions about international trade including the interactions between trade and immigration, how trade liberalization influences skill upgrading decisions and the linkages between health investment and trade openness. In the first chapter, I develop a two-country dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model featuring endogenous firm entry, heterogeneous firms and endogenous labor migration to study whether trade and immigration are substitutes or complements and investigate the macroeconomic consequences of low barriers to labor mobility with emphasizing the roles of the extensive margins of production and trade in shaping immigration dynamics. First, the model predicts that trade and immigration potentially act as substitutes, which is consistent with the derivation from the Heckscher-Ohlin model of trade. Second, high-skilled labor migration makes the labor-sending country worse off due to less output and firm entry, and changes in migration costs create asymmetric welfare effects on high-skilled and low-skilled households. Third, the firm entry channel provides new insights into immigration dynamics: (i) more firm establishments demand more immigrants, and (ii) inflows of immigrants induce firm entry and result in higher labor costs in the long run. The second chapter is a joint work with Castiel Chen Zhuang and Qiliang Chen. We observe that India’s average applied effective tariff declines by about 15 percentage points and exports to the Indian market by Chinese manufacturing firms increase a lot from 2004 to 2007, but the change in the average tariff in the rest of the world is nearly zero during the same period. Motivated by this fact, we examine the impact of an Asian trade agreement, APTA, on skill upgrading by Chinese manufacturers. First, we develop a general equilibrium model of trade with heterogeneous firms and endogenous export and employee training decisions to explain firm performance following trade liberalization. Second, we test the theoretical model based on general difference-in-differences estimations, showing that firms facing higher reductions in India’s tariffs increase investment in on-the-job training faster. The effects of trade openness on export participation and training spending of firms are the largest in the middle range of productivity, which is consistent to our model prediction. In the third chapter, my co-author, Qiliang Chen, and I study the interactive effects of trade openness and health investment. There is a positive correlation between trade and health outcomes, and increased exports or imports encourage more healthcare spending. However, there are only few theoretical studies addressing the questions that if trade integration is good for health and if health improvement encourages more trade. We develop a two- country dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with heterogeneous firms, health capital accumulation and endogenous firm entry and labor supply to analyze what channels affect the interconnection between trade and health. Three main results emerge. First, there is positive association between trade openness and health investment. An increase in health investment boosts both the number of exporters and export values as health improvement stimulates economic growth and increases income. Trade openness increases healthcare spending and the stock of health capital because of the income and product variety effects. Second, the dynamic impacts of changes in aggregate productivity on key variables could be underestimated if workers’ health status and health investment decisions are neglected. Third, health investment could crowd out physical capital investment and new firm entrants.

Author: Hanpil Moon
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Industrial productivity
Languages : en
Pages : 258

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A firm's productivity is composed of two parts: pure technical change and location-specific (agglomeration) externalities. Regional productivity is thus an aggregation of productivity of firms producing similar goods and located in a given region. International trade can affect both components of regional productivity. First, trade openness in a closed economy may alter its internal economic geography. Some regions which become more attractive to firms than before gain an advantage over others from integration into global markets. Second, as a competition pressure, trade liberalization forces the least productive firms to exit, resulting in the growth of aggregate productivity in the industry. The three essays presented in this dissertation explore the relationship between international trade and regional productivity in the presence of heterogeneous firms. In the first essay, a theoretical framework is introduced in order to describe how the above two channels, through which trade affects regional productivity, shape a country's spatial distribution of productivity. Results show that industries, each having its own cost-minimizing location, can be spatially relocated within a country via heterogeneous trade liberalization across industries. Moreover, trade intensifies localization for each industry since most firms in an industry move to or gather around their industry-specific cost- minimizing location. The consequent clustering of firms generates additional localization economies. More importantly, the intensification of localization economies can slow or delay the selection process, i.e. exit of low productivity firms, following trade liberalization. These findings suggest that trade openness induces significant industrial and spatial dynamics (entry, exit and survival) within an economy. The second and third essays are empirical tests on the second channel through which trade openness affects regional productivity using county-level data from Korea and firm-level data from India, respectively. In addition to trade liberalization, regional infrastructure is considered to be another competition pressure for domestic firms, i.e. improved infrastructure in a region induces a similar selection process among firms. These empirical essays investigate the effect of falling trade costs and improving domestic infrastructure on the regional variation of raw productivity using a common methodology. That is, a spatial econometric procedure is applied to a production function framework to estimate total factor productivity (TFP) by region and industry, while controlling for potential external and spatial effects. The mean and alternative percentiles of the regional raw productivity distribution are then specified as functions of international and domestic competition indicators. International competition is represented by trade costs, which are estimated as frictions in a gravity-type trade model, while road density is considered to capture the level of a region's infrastructure. In both Korea and India, it is found that trade costs reduction significantly shifted to the right, particularly the 10th percentile value of, the regional productivity distribution. However, a change in the level of infrastructure appears to bring about a higher change in regional productivity relative to a change in the international competition level. Therefore, the relative contribution of trade costs and infrastructure to regional productivity should be evaluated with attention to the costs underlying these options for regional development.

Author:
Publisher: Rozenberg Publishers
ISBN: 9051707029
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 162

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Author: Nagwa Riad
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1463973101
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 87

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Changing Patterns of Global Trade outlines the factors underlying important shifts in global trade that have occurred in recent decades. The emergence of global supply chains and their increasing role in trade patterns allowed emerging market economies to boost their inputs in high-technology exports and is associated with increased trade interconnectedness.The analysis points to one important trend taking place over the last decade: the emergence of China as a major systemically important trading hub, reflecting not only the size of trade but also the increase in number of its significant trading partners.

Author: Pol Antràs
Publisher: Princeton University Press
ISBN: 0691209030
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 336

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Global Production is the first book to provide a fully comprehensive overview of the complicated issues facing multinational companies and their global sourcing strategies. Few international trade transactions today are based on the exchange of finished goods; rather, the majority of transactions are dominated by sales of individual components and intermediary services. Many firms organize global production around offshoring parts, components, and services to producers in distant countries, and contracts are drawn up specific to the parties and distinct legal systems involved. Pol Antràs examines the contractual frictions that arise in the international system of production and how these frictions influence the world economy. Antràs discusses the inevitable complications that develop in contract negotiation and execution. He provides a unified framework that sheds light on the factors helping global firms determine production locations and other organizational choices. Antràs also implements a series of systematic empirical tests, based on recent data from the U.S. Customs and Census Offices, which demonstrate the relevance of contractual factors in global production decisions. Using an integrated approach, Global Production is an excellent resource for researchers, graduate students, and advanced undergraduates interested in the inner workings of international economics and trade.

Author: Parisa Kamali
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1513519875
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 58

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In many countries, a sizable share of international trade is carried out by intermediaries. While large firms tend to export to foreign markets directly, smaller firms typically export via intermediaries (indirect exporting). I document a set of facts that characterize the dynamic nature of indirect exporting using firm-level data from Vietnam and develop a dynamic trade model with both direct and indirect exporting modes and customer accumulation. The model is calibrated to match the dynamic moments of the data. The calibration yields fixed costs of indirect exporting that are less than a third of those of direct exporting, the variable costs of indirect exporting are twice higher, and demand for the indirectly exported products grows more slowly. Decomposing the gains from indirect and direct exporting, I find that 18 percent of the gains from trade in Vietnam are generated by indirect exporters. Finally, I demonstrate that a dynamic model that excludes the indirect exporting channel will overstate the welfare gains associated with trade liberalization by a factor of two.