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Author: Albert Yung-Hsu Liu Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
This dissertation examines three topics at the intersection of the economics of immigration and the economics of education. First, I study the development of human capital among immigrants by evaluating Arizona Proposition 203 (2000) and Massachusetts Question 2 (2002), which require public school districts to provide one year of Structured English Immersion to English language learner students. Using a difference-in-differences framework, I show that for recent-arrival first-generation immigrants, the two initiatives are less effective at developing English language proficiency than previous programs, such as Transitional Bilingual Education and English as a Second Language. However, I also show new heterogeneity in relative program effectiveness in that second-generation immigrants actually benefit from Structured English Immersion. In the second chapter, I use unique data from the Current Population Survey on education by country of origin to show that the return to foreign education among immigrants is 3.3 percent. This estimate is half the size of estimates from previous studies for two reasons. First, calculating foreign education as the difference between total education and domestic education rather than as a function of total education ad age at arrival eliminates the upward bias from misattributing domestic education as foreign education. Second, excluding domestic education as an endogenous control variable removes the upward bias in the return to foreign education caused by the negative correlation between domestic education and foreign education. The results show that foreign education is even less portable to the United States labor market than previously thought. In the third chapter, I test whether country-level educational expenditures, pupil-teacher ratios, and student achievement should be interpreted as measures of foreign school quality. I use the United States Census and the American Community Survey to show that the three measures are associated with the return to foreign education in expected directions. However, only educational expenditures are robust to accounting for group-level correlations between the wage residuals. I also show that the three measures affect immigrants who never attended school in their countries of birth as a falsification test, which suggests that they reflect country-level unobservables rather than foreign school quality.
Author: Albert Yung-Hsu Liu Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
This dissertation examines three topics at the intersection of the economics of immigration and the economics of education. First, I study the development of human capital among immigrants by evaluating Arizona Proposition 203 (2000) and Massachusetts Question 2 (2002), which require public school districts to provide one year of Structured English Immersion to English language learner students. Using a difference-in-differences framework, I show that for recent-arrival first-generation immigrants, the two initiatives are less effective at developing English language proficiency than previous programs, such as Transitional Bilingual Education and English as a Second Language. However, I also show new heterogeneity in relative program effectiveness in that second-generation immigrants actually benefit from Structured English Immersion. In the second chapter, I use unique data from the Current Population Survey on education by country of origin to show that the return to foreign education among immigrants is 3.3 percent. This estimate is half the size of estimates from previous studies for two reasons. First, calculating foreign education as the difference between total education and domestic education rather than as a function of total education ad age at arrival eliminates the upward bias from misattributing domestic education as foreign education. Second, excluding domestic education as an endogenous control variable removes the upward bias in the return to foreign education caused by the negative correlation between domestic education and foreign education. The results show that foreign education is even less portable to the United States labor market than previously thought. In the third chapter, I test whether country-level educational expenditures, pupil-teacher ratios, and student achievement should be interpreted as measures of foreign school quality. I use the United States Census and the American Community Survey to show that the three measures are associated with the return to foreign education in expected directions. However, only educational expenditures are robust to accounting for group-level correlations between the wage residuals. I also show that the three measures affect immigrants who never attended school in their countries of birth as a falsification test, which suggests that they reflect country-level unobservables rather than foreign school quality.
Author: Karmen Suen Publisher: ProQuest ISBN: 9780549615507 Category : Education Languages : en Pages : 111
Book Description
In the first chapter of this thesis, the 1995 TIMSS eighth-grade mathematics score is used to proxy for home country education quality for U.S. immigrants. On average, a one standard deviation increase in TIMSS magnifies the marginal returns to post-migrational education by 0.83 percentage points. This pre-migrational education quality effect remains positive and significant for individuals at the 25th percentile of the conditional wage distribution. In addition, diminishing returns to post-migrational years of schooling is observed at all wage quantiles, but evidence is mixed in regards to pre-migrational years of education. Using the 2000 Census, the second paper finds that, compared to another immigrant holding a job that requires less human-interaction, an immigrant worker who possesses knowledge in speaking a non-English language and who works in a human-interaction-intensive occupation would enjoy an average wage benefit of 4.47%. For an immigrant, other immigrants from a different home country are perceived as complements, while those from the same country of origin would be substitutes. Moreover, a one standard deviation increase in bilateral trade volume between the United States and the immigrant's country of origin is predicted to enhance the immigrant's returns to working in the Wholesale Trade industry by 3.36% on average, a pattern that is very different for immigrants whose country of origin uses English as an official language. A positive relationship between parental involvement in reading-related activities before the student began schooling and the student's 2001 PIRLS test score is found in the third chapter. On average, having a parent who played alphabet toys, played word games, and read signs and labels out loud during the student's preschool years is predicted to carry an effect size of 0.2, holding other attributes constant. However, the effect of watching reading programs on television on this test score seems negative. Under a quantile regression framework, the effect of these parental inputs continues to be observed for students belonging to the 25th quantile of the conditional score distribution. Lastly, these academic variables are predicted to not affect an immigrant student's PIRLS score, although small sample size may be an issue.
Author: Paulette Cha Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 111
Book Description
Immigrants are more likely to be low income than their US-born peers, but they face more barriers to enrolling in government safety net programs. Children of immigrants, the majority of whom are US citizens, are less likely to enroll in some programs designed to protect their health and welfare. This dissertation explores issues of immigrant families’ engagement with public health insurance and nutritional assistance programs in three chapters. The first chapter describes levels and time trends of immigrant families’ participation in key safety net programs. The study covers the years 1996 to 2013 using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) and the New Immigrant Survey (NIS). For children, the study presents data and regression-adjusted estimates of the associations between being from an immigrant family, and having likely undocumented family members, and participation in each of five safety net programs: the Food Stamps Program; National School Lunch Program; School Breakfast Program; Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC); and public health insurance. The second chapter evaluates the effects of six state policies that implemented early Affordable Care Act (ACA) adult Medicaid expansions. The analysis focuses on citizen adults of immigrant and native families. It uses the American Community Survey (ACS) from 2008 to 2013 and a difference-in-differences method with synthetic control states to estimate the effects of the expansions on insurance coverage outcomes for citizen adults of immigrant and native family backgrounds. The policies produced a range of responses, from a 2 percentage point public insurance coverage increase in California to an 8 percentage point increase in Connecticut. There was some evidence of private insurance crowd-out in Connecticut, the District of Columbia, and Minnesota, but there were also net reductions in uninsurance for most states. Responses to the new policies were slightly lower among young adults than for the full adult population. In general, insurance coverage changes did not measurably differ among individuals from immigrant families as compared with those from native families. The third chapter analyzes public health insurance expansions for children. Medicaid expansions have the potential to greatly increase coverage for children in immigrant families, who have low levels of private insurance and high uninsurance rates. However, take-up may be lower in immigrant families than native families due to poor information and “chilling” anti-immigrant sentiment. I estimate take-up from 1996 to 2013 using instrumental variables regression and data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). This study finds that new eligibility for public insurance produces a 9-to-13 percentage point increase in public coverage among children of immigrants, which is indistinguishable from the 11-to-12 percentage point increase among children of natives. These findings reject a strong chilling effect, although the question will be important to revisit in the changing policy environment.
Author: Örn B. Bodvarsson Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3540777962 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 434
Book Description
The inspiration for this book came from a collaborative research project on immigration, begun in 2001, when we were colleagues at University of Nebraska- Lincoln (Bodvarsson was a Visiting Professor there in 2001–05). Our project dealt with the application of Say’s Law to the supply of immigrant labor, meaning that when the supply of immigrant labor grows in an area, the new immigrants, being consumers, bolster labor demand and help to offset the lower wages they may bring about. Our test case was the seemingly obscure Dawson County, Nebraska, where the meatpacking industry experienced a relatively huge increase in Hispanic-born labor supply around 1990. We found for Dawson County this ‘‘demand effect’’ to be signi?cant and our results for this test case generalizable to other, more prominent, test cases. This inspired us to study the famous Mariel Boatlift, where Miami’s labor force grew suddenly by 7% due to the arrival of nearly 125,000 Cuban refugees in the spring of 1980. In that study, we showed that the Marielitos exerted a signi?cant demand effect, which we argue helps to account for the stylized fact that the Mariel in?ux had a relatively benign effect on the Miami labor market. We had the privilege of presenting both studies at various conferences in the USA, Norway, Taiwan and Israel, and these studies have been published in Labour Economics and the Research in Labor Economics series (both studies are discussed in detail in this book).
Author: Elisa Jacome Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
This dissertation consists of three chapters in public and labor economics. A theme throughout these chapters is using empirical analysis to study the outcomes of low-income and immigrant individuals in the United States as well as the effects of public policies on these communities. Chapter 1 explores whether access to mental healthcare can reduce criminal activity. Specifically, I study the effect of losing insurance coverage on low-income men's likelihood of incarceration using administrative data from South Carolina. Leveraging a discrete break in Medicaid coverage at age 19, I find that men who lose access to Medicaid eligibility are 15% more likely to be incarcerated in the subsequent two years relative to a matched comparison group. The effects are entirely driven by men with mental health histories, suggesting that losing access to mental healthcare plays an important role in explaining the observed rise in crime. Cost-benefit analyses show that expanding Medicaid eligibility to low-income young men is a cost-effective policy for reducing crime, especially relative to traditional approaches like increasing the severity of criminal sanctions. Chapter 2 documents that immigration policies affect an individual's willingness to report crime. I analyze the 2015 Priority Enforcement Program (PEP), which focused immigration enforcement on individuals convicted of serious crimes and shifted resources away from immigration-related offenses. I use data from the Dallas Police Department that include a complainant's ethnicity to show that Hispanic-reported incidents increased by 8% after the introduction of PEP. These results suggest that reducing enforcement of individuals who do not pose a threat to public safety can potentially improve trust between immigrant communities and the police. Finally, in Chapter 3, Ran Abramitzky, Leah Boustan, Santiago Perez, and I find that children of immigrants from nearly every sending country have higher rates of upward mobility than children of the US-born. Using millions of father-son pairs spanning more than 100 years of US history, we show that immigrants' advantage is similar historically and today despite dramatic shifts in sending countries and US immigration policy. Immigrants achieve this advantage in part by choosing to settle in locations that offer better prospects for their children.
Author: Cynthia Bansak Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1000283917 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 447
Book Description
This book, in its second edition, introduces readers to the economics of immigration, which is a booming field within economics. The main themes and objectives of the book are for readers to understand the decision to migrate, the impacts of immigration on markets and government budgets and the consequences of immigration policies in a global context. Our goal is for readers to be able to make informed economic arguments about key issues related to immigration around the world. This book applies economic tools to the topic of immigration to answer questions like whether immigration raises or lowers the standard of living of people in a country. The book examines many other consequences of immigration as well, such as the effect on tax revenues and government expenditures, the effect on how and what firms decide to produce and the effect on income inequality, to name just a few. It also examines questions like what determines whether people choose to move and where they decide to go. It even examines how immigration affects the ethnic diversity of restaurants and financial markets. Readers will learn how to apply economic tools to the topic of immigration. Immigration is frequently in the news as more people move around the world to work, to study and to join family members. The economics of immigration has important policy implications. Immigration policy is controversial in many countries. This book explains why this is so and equips the reader to understand and contribute to policy debates on this important topic.
Author: Alejandro Portes Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation ISBN: 9780871546821 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 338
Book Description
Alejandro Portes also discusses cultural maladaptation in the inner city, depicting the clash between the attitudes of American-born youths and those of recent immigrants, and its effects on the economic success of immigrant children.
Author: Albert Yung-Hsu Liu
Author: Albert Yung-Hsu Liu
Author: Karmen Suen
Author: Paulette Cha
Author: Örn B. Bodvarsson
Author: Benjamin Powell
Author: Elisa Jacome
Author: Thomas Joseph Murray
Author: Abdul-Ghaffar Mughal
Author: Cynthia Bansak
Author: Alejandro Portes