Author: Yulika KulikovaPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Essays on Family, Health Inequalities and Labor Dynamics
Author: Yulika KulikovaEssays on Family, Health Inequalities and Labor Dynamics
Author: Yulika KulikovaPublisher:
ISBN: 9788449064395
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 127
Book Description
En aquesta tesi, considero la família com la unitat encarregada de prendre decisions en l'economia i estudio les implicacions d'aquestes decisions per les desigualtats en indicadors de salut i del mercat laboral, dos aspectes fonamentals per al benestar dels individus. En el primer capítol, que porta per títol "Health Policies and Intergenerational Mobility", estudio quin paper juguen les desigualtats en termes de salut i les polítiques de sanitat pública per a la persistència en la generació d'ingressos als EE.UU. En la literatura el paper de les polítiques públiques d'educació han sigut àmpliament estudiats però no sabem quasi res de com les polítiques de salut afecten mobilitat. En aquest capítol, desenvolupo i estimo un model de generacions solapades, basat en la acumulació de capital humà, on les decisions de les famílies tenen en compte la natura dinàmica i multidimensional de la inversió en capital humà. En el model, introdueixo dos tipus de capital humà: capital en salut i capital humà. A més a més, modelo de forma explícita les polítiques públiques d'educació i salut. Les simulacions mostren que les polítiques de salut són importants per determinar la mobilitat social entre generacions per als individus menys afavorits de la societat i també que hi ha interaccions importants entre les polítiques públiques d'educació i sanitat. En el segon capítol, titulat "Marriage and Health: Selection, Protection, and Assortative Mating" i escrit conjuntament amb en Nezih Guner i en Joan Llull, estudiem com el fet de viure en parella o no afecta la desigualtat en l'estat de salut. Controlant per factors observables, els nostres resultats indiquen que la diferencia en estat de salut entre solters i casats arriba al seu punt màxim, un 12%, entre els 55 i 59 anys. Si considerem diferencies no observades en l'estat de salut innat (tant permanent com depenent en l'edat), que poden estar correlacionades amb el moment i la probabilitat de casar-se, els nostres resultats indiquen que no hi ha diferències entre l'estat de salut de solters i casat abans dels 40 anys mentre que les diferències en edats més avançades arriben al 6%. Aquest resultat ens indica que les diferències en salut en la joventut entre solters i casats són degudes a un efecte de selecció en el casament però podria existir un efecte protector d'estar casat en edats més avançades. Quan explorem els mecanismes darrera aquest resultat, veiem que hi ha una correlació positiva entre l'estat de salut innat i trobar parella sense divorciar-se i que les persones amb bona salut innata tendeixen a estar casades amb persones amb bona salut innata. Finalment, notem que l'assegurança de salut i hàbits saludables són molt rellevant per a l'efecte beneficial de casar-se. En el tercer capítol, "Household Labor Market Dynamics", escrit amb en Nezih Guner i Arnau Valladares-Esteban, estudiem el rol de les decisions laborals de les famílies en les dinàmiques del mercat laboral. Tenim en compte les decisions laborals conjuntes de les parelles casades considerant tres estats laborals: treballant, a l'atur i inactiu. Analitzant la importància de les transicions entre estats laborals tant per homes com per dones, veiem que els resultats són diferents entre els dos gèneres. Les transicions entre treball i atur són claus pels homes mentre que per les dones les transicions relacionades amb la inactivitat són rellevants. També comptabilitzem la rellevància del added worker effect i demostrem que, sense aquest efecte, la participació laboral de les dones en el període 2000-2010 hauria sigut un 2,5 punts percentuals més alta. De forma similar, la taxa d'atur també hauria sigut 0,3 punts percentuals més alta, el que significa un 6,16% del total de la taxa d'atur.
Communities in Action
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and MedicinePublisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309452961
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 583
Book Description
In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.
Essays on Health, Work, Poverty, and Income Inequality
Author: Elise GouldThree Essays on Labor and Health Inequities by Race and Gender
Author: Bongsun Regina SeoPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Labor economics
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
This dissertation examines the intersection of labor market and health inequities by race and gender in the United States in three chapters. In the first chapter, I use panel data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to evaluate the impact of eldercare needs on potential caregivers' labor supply and health outcomes. Using an event-study specification, I find that eldercare needs lead to a persistent decline in labor supply and increase in depression levels among potential caregivers. I show that access to state-level paid leave may mitigate the effects of eldercare needs on one's labor supply and depression levels for spousal potential caregivers, but not for parental potential caregivers. In addition, I find suggestive evidence that access to paid leave may be especially beneficial for potential caregivers of color and those with less education. The second chapter proposes a theoretical framework to evaluate the interplay of gender norms, the gender wage gap, and the paid care market's specific characteristics. The study shows how declines in the gender wage gap may have small effects on the division of eldercare work in the presence of persistent gender norms. The study also suggests that market power dynamics, in conjunction with gender norms, might perpetuate reliance on the female provision of unpaid care. We draw out implications from the model that emphasizes the importance of policies that promote gender-egalitarian household division of labor and affordable access to quality long-term care. The third chapter explores the pathways of racial and ethnic disparities in health outcomes in the United States, controlling for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. The study reveals that non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic individuals are most likely to report poor health, and these disparities root from individual socioeconomic characteristics as well as environmental factors and access to healthcare. We find suggestive evidence that reducing levels of air pollution and land contamination in majority-Black neighborhoods and increasing access to quality hospitals and preventative services for both Black and Hispanic neighborhoods can help to reduce structural health disparities.In summary, the three essays of this dissertation highlight the complex and interconnected nature of labor market and health inequities by race and gender in the United States. The findings suggest that policies such as state-level paid family leave and reducing exposure to harmful environmental conditions could mitigate the effects of eldercare needs and racial disparities in health outcomes. Additionally, the study emphasizes the need for policies that promote gender equality in household division of labor and the paid care market.
Essays on the Economics of Family Health Behavior and Child Health
Author: David SimonPublisher:
ISBN: 9781303540622
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
Parental behavior has potentially large implications for child health and child economic outcomes. In three essays, I explore two topics: how the health behavior of parents impacts their children's health and wellbeing, and the degree to which policy can alter parental behavior such that child health improves. The first essay examines how cash transfers to pregnant single mothers via the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) improve child birth weight. The second essay shows that cigarette taxes reduce maternal smoking and improve childhood health outcomes. The final essay documents the correlation between parental and teen smoking using the Current Population Survey Tobacco Use Supplement. As a whole, this dissertation contributes to our understanding of how health transmits from parent to child, an important mechanism in the intergenerational transmission of inequality.
Essays in Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health and the Labor Market, with Special Focus on Egypt
Author: Ahmed S. RashadEssays in Empirical Health, Labor, and Family Economics
Author: Anna HammerschmidEssays on Gender and Power in the Family
Author: Matthew Joseph KleinPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
When people make decisions as a group, power dynamics determine the extent to which each person's preferences are represented in the final outcome. In the family, when partners make joint decisions like where to live, how many children to have, what food to eat, how much education their children should get and what schools they should attend, or whether to take in an elderly parent, power plays an important role. In theory, and as is often borne out in empirical tests, families with more equal decision makers have better health and investment outcomes. In the three essays in this dissertation, I expand economists' ability to quantitatively measure power dynamics in families and document some of the causes and consequences of inequality. I develop this measurement methodology in Chapter 1, and extend it in Chapter 3. My key insight is that we can recover estimates of women's bargaining power in the family from panel data on individuals' earnings opportunities under weak assumptions on utility functions. This increases the number of contexts where economists can study power in the family. In Chapter 3, I extend the model to cover cases where family members engage in socially inefficient behaviors, like domestic abuse and hoarding productive assets. I find that inequality in institutions outside of the household --- including labor markets, legal frameworks, customs, and court rulings --- is reproduced in power dynamics within the family. When men have systematic advantages in these areas, they also have superior bargaining positions within the family. This gives policy makers a useful tool: to increase equality in the family, increase equality across institutions in society more broadly. I find that inequality has serious consequences. Using experimental data from Mexico, in Chapter 1, I document that more unequal families have worse diets. Using observational data from Malawi, in Chapter 2, I find that more unequal families have members who are more likely to contract malaria.
Inequality: Structures, Dynamics and Mechanisms
Author: Arne L. KallebergPublisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080474233
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 312
Book Description
Aage Sorensen was an influential intellectual presence who was one of the world's leading authorities on social stratification and the sociology of education. His research sought to understand the structures, dynamics and mechanisms that underlie inequalities in industrial societies by focusing on how individuals' attainments are shaped by characteristics of a society's or organization's opportunity structure, on the one hand, and individuals' education, experience and other human capital resources, on the other. He emphasized inequalities associated with education and schooling, class, and stratification outcomes such as income and occupational status. Within these general foci, he tackled the study of phenomena as diverse as rates of learning in elementary school reading groups and promotion patterns in large industrial corporations. The chapters of this volume illustrate some of the major themes that characterized Aage's research; these topics are also likely to constitute important concerns for future efforts to understand structured social inequality in society. These themes include: the development of explicit dynamic models to account for observed patterns of education, career, and labor market outcomes; aspects of educational inequality such as school effects and learning opportunities; issues related to intragenerational mobility and careers; and the role of rents in generating structural inequality.