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Author: Gabriele Pellegrino Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
"The main aim of my doctoral thesis has been to provide new insights regarding the determinants, nature and effects of the barriers to innovation. The thesis is structured in three different but strictly related papers. In the first paper, I try to examine the impact that different types of barriers (cost factors, knowledge factors, market factors, regulation issues) can have in hindering firms' innovation activity. The analysis of this topic is certainly of policy relevance, as removing or alleviating hindrances might be an effective device to enlarge the population of innovators and increase the innovation performance of the existing base of innovators. However, an overwhelming majority of contributions have confined the analysis to the impact of financial obstacles. The implicit rationale of limiting the analysis on financial constraints is that - once ascertained that firms do not innovate because they lack liquidity or innovation costs are too high- it is straightforward to draw policy implications: financing constraints are removed or at least alleviated by pouring liquidity in the form of additional subsidies/tax credits to increase levels of (mainly R & D) investments. However, firms might encounter different types of obstacles and persist in their systemic failure in engaging in innovation activities and/or in translating financial effort into the actual introduction of successful new goods, services and processes. Accordingly, in the first paper I have tried to add to the evidence on the impact of obstacles to innovation and the implications in terms of innovation policy in three main respects. The results of the estimation show that market structure and lack of demand are as important hindrances for firms as the financing constraints that most traditional literature had emphasized on the basis of cash-flow models. Therefore, it is possible to infer that the presence of strong competitors and the lack of demand are as decisive for firms to give up innovation projects despite an initial investment, as are financial constraints. While in the second chapter of this thesis I have tried to give a broad picture of the negative effects of the different obstacles on the firms' realization of innovative products and/or processes, in the third chapter the focus is on a specific category of hindrance that could obstruct or slow down the firm's innovation activity, namely the lack/uncertainty of demand. In particular I try to look at the demand pull perspective in a novel way that is to say from the viewpoint of barriers to innovation. More in detail, by making use of a long comprehensive panel of Spanish firms, I specifically look at the effects of demand uncertainty and stagnancy on firm's decisions to engage in R & D activities and the amount of financial effort devoted to it. Furthermore I conduct a careful sectoral analysis by giving evidence about whether firms active in high or low tech manufacturing or in knowledge intensive or low tech services are more or less dependent on demand conditions when deciding to perform R & D. The results of the econometric analyses show that uncertain demand and lack of demand are perceived as two completely different barriers. While uncertainty on demand does not seem to constrain R & D efforts, the perception of lack of demand does strongly reduce not only the amount of investment in R & D but also the likelihood of firms to engage in R & D activities. Moreover, sectoral affiliation does not seem to be particular relevant when it relates to demand conditions, giving support to the speculation that positive expectations on market demand is a structural condition to be fulfilled for all firms prior to invest in R & D. While in the first two paper the focus is on the impact that different obstacle factors have in hindering the firms' innovative activity, in the fourth chapter the main research aim is related to the impact that some factors can have in affecting the firm's perception of the different type of obstacles to innovation activity. In particular, this work focuses on the role of firm's age in affecting the firm's perception of the barriers to innovation. I try to shed some light on these issues by exploring a comprehensive panel of Spanish manufacturing and services firms for the period 2004-2010. The empirical results show that different types of obstacles are perceived differently by firms of different ages. Firstly, a clear-cut negative relationship between firm's age and firm's assessment of both internal and external lack of funds is identified. Moreover, firms at the early stages of their life seem to be less sensitive to the effect of lack of qualified personnel when they have to start an innovative project, but more affected by this type of obstacles when they are already engaged in innovation activities. On the other hand, firms in the mature stage of their life are significantly obstructed in their attempt to engage in innovation activity by the lack of qualified personnel. Finally, mature firms appear to assign more importance to obstacles factors related to market and demand conditions than firms characterized by a lower degree of experience."--TDX.
Author: Gabriele Pellegrino Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
"The main aim of my doctoral thesis has been to provide new insights regarding the determinants, nature and effects of the barriers to innovation. The thesis is structured in three different but strictly related papers. In the first paper, I try to examine the impact that different types of barriers (cost factors, knowledge factors, market factors, regulation issues) can have in hindering firms' innovation activity. The analysis of this topic is certainly of policy relevance, as removing or alleviating hindrances might be an effective device to enlarge the population of innovators and increase the innovation performance of the existing base of innovators. However, an overwhelming majority of contributions have confined the analysis to the impact of financial obstacles. The implicit rationale of limiting the analysis on financial constraints is that - once ascertained that firms do not innovate because they lack liquidity or innovation costs are too high- it is straightforward to draw policy implications: financing constraints are removed or at least alleviated by pouring liquidity in the form of additional subsidies/tax credits to increase levels of (mainly R & D) investments. However, firms might encounter different types of obstacles and persist in their systemic failure in engaging in innovation activities and/or in translating financial effort into the actual introduction of successful new goods, services and processes. Accordingly, in the first paper I have tried to add to the evidence on the impact of obstacles to innovation and the implications in terms of innovation policy in three main respects. The results of the estimation show that market structure and lack of demand are as important hindrances for firms as the financing constraints that most traditional literature had emphasized on the basis of cash-flow models. Therefore, it is possible to infer that the presence of strong competitors and the lack of demand are as decisive for firms to give up innovation projects despite an initial investment, as are financial constraints. While in the second chapter of this thesis I have tried to give a broad picture of the negative effects of the different obstacles on the firms' realization of innovative products and/or processes, in the third chapter the focus is on a specific category of hindrance that could obstruct or slow down the firm's innovation activity, namely the lack/uncertainty of demand. In particular I try to look at the demand pull perspective in a novel way that is to say from the viewpoint of barriers to innovation. More in detail, by making use of a long comprehensive panel of Spanish firms, I specifically look at the effects of demand uncertainty and stagnancy on firm's decisions to engage in R & D activities and the amount of financial effort devoted to it. Furthermore I conduct a careful sectoral analysis by giving evidence about whether firms active in high or low tech manufacturing or in knowledge intensive or low tech services are more or less dependent on demand conditions when deciding to perform R & D. The results of the econometric analyses show that uncertain demand and lack of demand are perceived as two completely different barriers. While uncertainty on demand does not seem to constrain R & D efforts, the perception of lack of demand does strongly reduce not only the amount of investment in R & D but also the likelihood of firms to engage in R & D activities. Moreover, sectoral affiliation does not seem to be particular relevant when it relates to demand conditions, giving support to the speculation that positive expectations on market demand is a structural condition to be fulfilled for all firms prior to invest in R & D. While in the first two paper the focus is on the impact that different obstacle factors have in hindering the firms' innovative activity, in the fourth chapter the main research aim is related to the impact that some factors can have in affecting the firm's perception of the different type of obstacles to innovation activity. In particular, this work focuses on the role of firm's age in affecting the firm's perception of the barriers to innovation. I try to shed some light on these issues by exploring a comprehensive panel of Spanish manufacturing and services firms for the period 2004-2010. The empirical results show that different types of obstacles are perceived differently by firms of different ages. Firstly, a clear-cut negative relationship between firm's age and firm's assessment of both internal and external lack of funds is identified. Moreover, firms at the early stages of their life seem to be less sensitive to the effect of lack of qualified personnel when they have to start an innovative project, but more affected by this type of obstacles when they are already engaged in innovation activities. On the other hand, firms in the mature stage of their life are significantly obstructed in their attempt to engage in innovation activity by the lack of qualified personnel. Finally, mature firms appear to assign more importance to obstacles factors related to market and demand conditions than firms characterized by a lower degree of experience."--TDX.
Author: João Leitão Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030871126 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 209
Book Description
This edited book focuses on strategic aspects of innovation in the context of resilience during and after a crisis. It investigates the strategies that firms utilize in order to cope with change especially in the competitive global marketplace. The book contends that, by design, entrepreneurship is strategic and innovative in every decision and action of a business. The goal of this book is to focus on the innovation and resilience behind these strategies in order to understand the business motivations. In particular, it focuses on the uncertainties initiated by the COVID-19 pandemic and highlights the growing research and practice experiences of resilient entrepreneurial businesses and innovations that continued to be stable and successful. The book thus extends current research on strategic entrepreneurship by integrating it with the field of resilience. This will help to bridge the gap between practice and theory with regard to strategic entrepreneurship. Furthermore, it enables an effective advancement of strategic entrepreneurship research in light of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Author: Andrés Gonzalo Hincapié Noreña Publisher: ISBN: Category : Electronic dissertations Languages : en Pages : 221
Book Description
I explore the role of experimentation on the career choices of individuals deciding whether to be paid employees or entrepreneurs, and on the decisions of consumers deciding what medical treatment to buy. In the labor market, experimentation entails the accumulation of information that allows individuals to improve their occupational choices. In the product market, experimentation entails discovering the quality of new products and it may have an effect on the evolution of technology: less experimentation by individuals may slow down the process of innovation. I start in Chapter 2 with the observation that most individuals do not start a business and, if they do, tend to do so well into their thirties. While policies encouraging young, would-be entrepreneurs are popular, little is known about whether they are effective. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, I estimate a dynamic Roy model with imperfect information about ability to evaluate the relative importance of various economic determinants of entrepreneurial participation. Risk-averse, forward-looking individuals sequentially select entrepreneurial and paid-employment occupations based on their returns to experience, information value, non-pecuniary benefits, and entry costs. Results show that the main barriers faced by young entrepreneurs are entry costs and information frictions. I consider two policy counterfactuals: a subsidy targeting entry costs and entrepreneurship education targeting information frictions. I extend previous literature providing a mapping from the information quality of entrepreneurship education into career choices and long-term outcomes. A subsidy for young entrepreneurs increases participation but has small long-term effects. Entrepreneurship education can have sizable effects on participation and present value of income flows, even for low information quality. Nevertheless, the value of any particular entrepreneurship education program will depend on its cost and its information quality. In Chapter 3 we develop and estimate a dynamic structural model of demand for a product line whose spectrum of characteristics evolves over time because innovation is endogenous to consumer demand. To achieve this goal, we provide a new approach to the econometric challenge of estimating the process of technological change where innovation under uncertainty includes both frequent and incremental modifications along with sporadic major breakthroughs. Quality in our model is a multidimensional object: new products that are superior in some dimensions might be inferior in others. For example, new medicines more effective in combating disease than existing products sometimes have harsher side effects. In our model, consumer choices determine both the speed and the direction of product innovation. Demand externalities arise because the aggregate choices of atomistic individuals drive innovation. We apply our framework to analyze consumer choice and the realized path of innovations over a long time horizon in a maturing product market: HIV drugs. In this market, we observe the introduction of hundreds of new products, marking mostly modest, but sometimes major innovations over existing technologies. Our estimates are obtained through simulations of alternative hypothetical worlds that might have arisen if the innovations had taken different paths to the ones we observe. We use our estimates to assess the effects of policies that internalize the externalities affecting innovation and consumer welfare by modifying consumer choices. We find that experimentation in clinical trials is one of the mechanisms through which the externality operates.
Author: Achim Gutowski Publisher: LIT Verlag Münster ISBN: 3643911734 Category : Languages : en Pages : 584
Book Description
The volume analyses major strategic and policy issues. How to make Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Policies relevant for inclusive growth strategies in Africa so that socio-economic transformation strategies will take off. The first part discusses the issues of human skills development as part of STI policies, based on visions, strategic plans and country cases (for Cameroon, Nigeria and Mauritania). The second part looks at STI Policies for Economic Transformation, focussing on country case studies (for Egypt and Tunisia). A third part presents book reviews and book notes.
Author: Adam Thierer Publisher: Mercatus Center at George Mason University ISBN: 1942951248 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 236
Book Description
Will innovators be forced to seek the blessing of public officials before they develop and deploy new devices and services, or will they be generally left free to experiment with new technologies and business models? In this book, Adam Thierer argues that if the former disposition, “the precautionary principle,” trumps the latter, “permissionless innovation,” the result will be fewer services, lower-quality goods, higher prices, diminished economic growth, and a decline in the overall standard of living. When public policy is shaped by “precautionary principle” reasoning, it poses a serious threat to technological progress, economic entrepreneurialism, and long-run prosperity. By contrast, permissionless innovation has fueled the success of the Internet and much of the modern tech economy in recent years, and it is set to power the next great industrial revolution—if we let it.
Author: Eytan Sheshinski Publisher: Princeton University Press ISBN: 0691227640 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 400
Book Description
How much credit can be given to entrepreneurship for the unprecedented innovation and growth of free-enterprise economies? In this book, some of the world's leading economists tackle this difficult and understudied question, and their responses shed new light on how free-market economies work--and what policies most encourage their growth. The contributors take as their starting point William J. Baumol's 2002 book The Free-Market Innovation Machine (Princeton), which argued that independent entrepreneurs are far more important to growth than economists have traditionally thought, and that an implicit partnership between such entrepreneurs and large corporations is critical to the success of market economies. The contributors include the editors and Robert M. Solow, Kenneth J. Arrow, Michael M. Weinstein, Douglass C. North, Barry R. Weingast, Ying Lowrey, Nathan Rosenberg, Melissa A. Schilling, Corey Phelps, Sylvia Nasar, Boyan Jovanovic, Peter L. Rousseau, Edward N. Wolff, Deepak Somaya, David J. Teece, Naomi R. Lamoreaux, Kenneth L. Sokoloff, Yochanan Shachmurove, Ralph E. Gomory, Jonathan Eaton, Samuel S. Kortum, Alan S. Blinder, Robert J. Shiller, Burton G. Malkiel, and Edmund S. Phelps.
Author: Ali Farazmand Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030662527 Category : Law Languages : en Pages : 13623
Book Description
This global encyclopedic work serves as a comprehensive collection of global scholarship regarding the vast fields of public administration, public policy, governance, and management. Written and edited by leading international scholars and practitioners, this exhaustive resource covers all areas of the above fields and their numerous subfields of study. In keeping with the multidisciplinary spirit of these fields and subfields, the entries make use of various theoretical, empirical, analytical, practical, and methodological bases of knowledge. Expanded and updated, the second edition includes over a thousand of new entries representing the most current research in public administration, public policy, governance, nonprofit and nongovernmental organizations, and management covering such important sub-areas as: 1. organization theory, behavior, change and development; 2. administrative theory and practice; 3. Bureaucracy; 4. public budgeting and financial management; 5. public economy and public management 6. public personnel administration and labor-management relations; 7. crisis and emergency management; 8. institutional theory and public administration; 9. law and regulations; 10. ethics and accountability; 11. public governance and private governance; 12. Nonprofit management and nongovernmental organizations; 13. Social, health, and environmental policy areas; 14. pandemic and crisis management; 15. administrative and governance reforms; 16. comparative public administration and governance; 17. globalization and international issues; 18. performance management; 19. geographical areas of the world with country-focused entries like Japan, China, Latin America, Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Russia and Eastern Europe, North America; and 20. a lot more. Relevant to professionals, experts, scholars, general readers, researchers, policy makers and manger, and students worldwide, this work will serve as the most viable global reference source for those looking for an introduction and advance knowledge to the field.
Author: Eric Von Hippel Publisher: MIT Press ISBN: 0262250179 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 224
Book Description
The process of user-centered innovation: how it can benefit both users and manufacturers and how its emergence will bring changes in business models and in public policy. Innovation is rapidly becoming democratized. Users, aided by improvements in computer and communications technology, increasingly can develop their own new products and services. These innovating users—both individuals and firms—often freely share their innovations with others, creating user-innovation communities and a rich intellectual commons. In Democratizing Innovation, Eric von Hippel looks closely at this emerging system of user-centered innovation. He explains why and when users find it profitable to develop new products and services for themselves, and why it often pays users to reveal their innovations freely for the use of all.The trend toward democratized innovation can be seen in software and information products—most notably in the free and open-source software movement—but also in physical products. Von Hippel's many examples of user innovation in action range from surgical equipment to surfboards to software security features. He shows that product and service development is concentrated among "lead users," who are ahead on marketplace trends and whose innovations are often commercially attractive. Von Hippel argues that manufacturers should redesign their innovation processes and that they should systematically seek out innovations developed by users. He points to businesses—the custom semiconductor industry is one example—that have learned to assist user-innovators by providing them with toolkits for developing new products. User innovation has a positive impact on social welfare, and von Hippel proposes that government policies, including R&D subsidies and tax credits, should be realigned to eliminate biases against it. The goal of a democratized user-centered innovation system, says von Hippel, is well worth striving for. An electronic version of this book is available under a Creative Commons license.
Author: Gabriele Pellegrino
Author: Gabriele Pellegrino
Author: João Leitão
Author: 
Author: Andrés Gonzalo Hincapié Noreña
Author: Achim Gutowski
Author: André Piatier
Author: Adam Thierer
Author: Eytan Sheshinski
Author: Ali Farazmand
Author: Eric Von Hippel