Essays on Climate Change, Agriculture and Production Efficiency PDF Download

Author: Saúl Basurto Hernández
Publisher:
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Author: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN: 9789251044704
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 100

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Book Description
Agriculture and climate changes are closely linked. Agriculture has a significant impact on the process of climate change. There is uncertainty surrounding the implications of climate change for agricultural production. This document consists of two studies on this relationship. The first study provides an analysis of the various methodologies that have been used to measure the potential impacts of climate change on agricultural production and makes suggestions for further research. The second study is on the impact of agriculture on climate. It gives a detailed analysis of the potential for implementing the Clean Development Mechanism proposed under the Kyoto Protocol Convention on Climate Change in the agricultural sector of developing countries along with the relevant policy implications and requirements

Author: Qinan Lu
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Poverty and food security are long-standing concerns for policymakers all over the world, especially those in developing countries. To address this issue, farmers, researchers, and governments have devoted their time and efforts to increasing agricultural productivity and household production efficiency for thousands of years. While technological advancement has played a crucial role in the process, especially since the Green Revolution in the 1960s, environmental stress factors and how to adapt to environmental changes remain a challenge for agricultural production. Technology, crop genetics, and farm management practices may interact in complicated ways affecting crop productivity and farm household efficiency. For example, one potential mechanism to offset the adverse impacts of environmental stressors such as infestation could be through biotechnology, such as genetically engineered biotech crops. But it is less clear how such biotechnology may interfere with crops' ability to deal with weather and climate change stressors. Enhancing agricultural productivity can be done through the appropriate use of agricultural inputs and the adoption of agricultural technologies. Agricultural mechanization services (AMS), as another example, have emerged as a viable and effective solution for helping farmers gain access to machinery equipment in developing countries, overcoming their poor affordability for self-purchase. This dissertation aims to contribute to the understanding of these issues through three essays on agricultural productivity, environment, and household efficiency. It may shed light on the new challenges facing agriculture and rural households and provide insights that are useful to policymakers in designing effective policies to address such challenges. The first essay examines the effects of agricultural mechanization services (AMS) on agricultural productivity. AMS have emerged as a viable solution for helping farmers gain access to machinery equipment in developing countries. The chapter investigates the simultaneous decision-making regarding multiple mechanization services and the causal impacts of AMS on land productivity. The study finds that the ratio of off-farm wage to AMS price has a significant positive effect on AMS adoption, and the sequential adoption of AMS starts with power-intensive, followed by control-intensive production tasks. Furthermore, switching to AMS in plowing, transplanting, and harvesting increases rice yield, while AMS of pesticide spraying significantly decreases yield. The chapter highlights the potential moral hazards associated with AMS when monitoring is costly and suggests that increased AMS adoption can significantly enhance food security in China. The second essay investigates the impact of biotechnology and environmental stressors on agricultural productivity. Despite the widespread adoption of biotech crops in the United States, little is known about their interaction with environmental factors. The chapter utilizes observational data from U.S. county-level agricultural production, along with remotely sensed ozone estimates, to estimate a fixed-effects model with instrumental variables for local ozone concentration. The findings suggest that while biotech adoption reduces yield distribution risks, biotech crops may have a disadvantage in dealing with ozone pollution. The chapter highlights the importance of breeding efforts that consider environmental stress, especially climate change-sensitive factors such as ozone pollution. Improving the welfare of poor people, particularly those living in remote rural areas, is another classic challenge faced by policymakers in less developed countries/communities. Residential relocation is considered a solution for lifting these poor households in remote areas out of the poverty trap. The third essay examines the impact of residential relocation on rural household efficiency. The study uses micro-panel data to investigate the effects of residential relocation on households' allocation and technical efficiency. Results suggest that residential relocation leads to a significant increase in households' allocation efficiency, but it reduces households' technical efficiency. The study identifies disparities in the relocation effects on household efficiency between ethnic minority and Han Chinese households. The results underscore the need to address the negative impacts of residential relocation on agricultural production technology efficiency and the resulting food security issues.

Author: Wreford Anita
Publisher: OECD Publishing
ISBN: 9264086870
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 139

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This report examines the economic and policy issues related to the impacts of climate change on agriculture and adaptation responses and to the mitigation of greenhouse gases from agriculture.

Author: Rakesh S. Sengar
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1482229218
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 538

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Explore the Relationship between Crop and ClimateAgricultural sustainability has been gaining prominence in recent years and is now becoming the focal point of modern agriculture. Recognizing that crop production is very sensitive to climate change, Climate Change Effect on Crop Productivity explores this timely topic in-depth. Incorporating contri

Author: Oladipo Stephen Obembe
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Agriculture and climate change are closely connected as climate change impacts agriculture through crop yield loss, reduction in area harvested and increase in irrigation water use. Agriculture plays both roles in the emission and sequestration of greenhouse gases. This dissertation is divided into two main parts. The first part has two essays that examine the impacts of climate change on winter wheat production and irrigation water use. The second part examines the cost-effectiveness of using lands under the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) to sequester carbon through tree planting program. This dissertation contributes to the literature by showing how crop yield variability is not the same as production variability. The total impact of climate change is underestimated if climate change impact on yield alone is used. Another contribution to the literature is the modeling of crop abandonment in relation to climate change using correlated random effects fractional probit model. My work also illustrates how irrigation water use will change and how this change will impact the level of water in the aquifer by mid-century. In my first essay, I examine the impact of climate change on winter wheat production in Kansas. I decompose the total impact of weather variables on wheat production in Kansas through crop abandonment and yield. Using yield impacts alone to measure the climate change impact on production underestimates the total impact of climate change on production. I use the correlated random effects fractional probit model to estimate crop abandonment and account for unobserved heterogeneity between time-invariant variables and yield. The result projects a 16.3% decrease in winter wheat production by mid-century under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5. I find that 86.72% of the projected decrease in production is due to the reduction in yield while crop abandonment is projected to decrease production by 13.17%. Yield is projected to decrease by 14.12% while crop abandonment is expected to increase by 18% by mid-century. Majority of damages from climate change are explained by an increase in temperature. In the second essay, I examine the impact of climate change on groundwater extraction for corn production in Kansas. Using a 24-year panel data of irrigation water use, weather and soil data, I estimate the impact of weather variability on irrigation water use for corn. I include the field-level fixed effects and a quadratic time trend to control for time invariant- variables and technological progress over time. I provide new evidence that shows farmers are less responsive to changing irrigation water use than an irrigation schedule would predict due to changes in weather. The result indicates 9% and 12% increase in irrigation water use by mid-century under RCP 4.5 and 8.5 respectively. The number of water rights that exceed their authorized water quantity will increase by 18.1% on average across different climate models under RCP 4.5. The effect of an increase in irrigation water use on the water level in the aquifer is spatial different. In Southwest Kansas, the historical rate of depletion is 2.05ft/year and by mid-century, the rate of depletion is projected to increase to 2.43 ft/year. In South Central Kansas, historical depletion is around 0.19 ft/year and the rate of depletion is predicted to increase to 1 ft/year by mid-century. In the third essay, I analyze the cost-effectiveness of carbon sequestration through the afforestation of the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). I use the correlated random effects probit model (CRE) to estimate the impact of an increase in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) payments on land use change. The CRE model allows me to control for unobserved heterogeneity and exploit variation in returns to land over time. Estimation without control for unobserved heterogeneity produces biased estimates with coefficients with the wrong sign. My estimates are used to simulate land use change, carbon sequestered and the marginal cost of carbon at different levels of CRP rent (i.e., the supply curve for carbon sequestration). At the average CRP rent rate of $71.21, 118,046 acres is gained by CRP and 2.1 million tons of carbon is sequestered per year at a marginal cost of $24.6. Increasing the average rent by 30% will add additional 159,736 acres and 0.24 million tons of carbon per year.

Author: Wei Wei Wang
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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This dissertation investigates three economic aspects of the climate change issue: optimal allocation of investment between adaptation and mitigation, impacts on a ground water dependent regional agricultural economy and effects on global food insecurity. This is done in three essays by applying mathematical programming. In the first essay, a modeling study is done on optimal temporal investment between climate change adaptation and mitigation considering their relative contributions to damage reduction and diversion of funds from consumption and other investments. To conduct this research, we extend the widely used Integrated Assessment Model?DICE (Dynamic Integrated Climate Economy) adding improved adaptation modeling. The model results suggest that the joint implementation of adaptation and mitigation is welfare improving with a greater immediate role for adaptation. In the second essay, the research focuses on the ground water dependent agricultural economy in the Texas High Plains Region. A regionally detailed dynamic land allocation model is developed and applied for studying interrelationships between limited natural resources (e.g. land and groundwater), climate change, bioenergy demands and agricultural production. We find out that the effect varies regionally across hydrologically heterogeneous regions. Also, water availability has a substantial impact on feedstock mix. In terms of biofuel feedstock production, the model results show that limited water resource cannot sustain expanded corn-based ethanol production in the future. In the third essay, a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model is applied in an attempt to study potential impacts of climate change on global food insecurity. Our results show that climate change alters the number of food insecure people in a regionally different fashion over time. In general, the largest increase of additional food insecure population relative to the reference case (no climate change) is found in Africa and South Asia, while most of developed countries will benefit from climate change with a reduced proportion of food insecure population. In general, climate change affects world agricultural production and food security. Integrated adaptation and mitigation strategy is more effective in reducing climate change damages. However, there are synergies/trade-offs between these two options, particularly in regions with limited natural resources.

Author: Fakhri A. Bazzaz
Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN: 9789251039878
Category : Agricultural ecology
Languages : en
Pages : 362

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Author: Dr. Shankar Sah
Publisher: K.K. Publications
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 304

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Book Description
Climate Change and Food Security Climate change and agriculture are interrelated processes, both of which take place on a global scale. Global warming is projected to have significant impacts on conditions affecting agriculture, including temperature, carbon dioxide, glacial run-off, precipitation and the interaction of these elements. These conditions determine the carrying capacity of the biosphere to produce enough food for the human population and domesticated animals. The overall effect of climate change on agriculture will depend on the balance of these effects. Assessment of the effects of global climate changes on agriculture might help to properly anticipate and adapt farming to maximize agricultural production. At the same time, agriculture has been shown to produce significant effects on climate change, primarily through the production and release of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, but also by altering the Earth’s land cover, which can change its ability to absorb or reflect heat and light, thus contributing to radiative forcing. Sustained and systematic attention is crucial if we are to avoid a humanitarian catastrophe — A 2009 ICTSD-IPC study by Jodie Keane suggests that climate change could cause farm output in sub-Saharan Africa to decrease by 12 percent by 2080 although in some African countries this figure could be as much as 60 percent, with agricultural exports declining by up to one fifth in others. Adapting to climate change could cost the agriculture sector $14bn globally a year, the study finds. The book has a comprehensive account of climate change with possible projections on food security in the world. Global scenarios of extreme climatic events and the corresponding probable climatic parameters in the years to come are discussed elaborately. Contents: • Introduction • Historical Perspective • Responses to Global Warming • Governmental and Intergovernmental Action • Challenges to Achieving Food Security • Climate Change and Agriculture • Global Food Security under Climate Change • Climate Change and World Food Supply • The World Food Trade Model • Fisheries and Climate Change • The Climate Change - Agriculture Conundrum • Impact of Climate Change on Indian Agriculture • Effects on the Regional Vegetation-atmosphere Water Vapour Exchange

Author: Stephane Hallegatte
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 1464806748
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 227

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Book Description
Ending poverty and stabilizing climate change will be two unprecedented global achievements and two major steps toward sustainable development. But the two objectives cannot be considered in isolation: they need to be jointly tackled through an integrated strategy. This report brings together those two objectives and explores how they can more easily be achieved if considered together. It examines the potential impact of climate change and climate policies on poverty reduction. It also provides guidance on how to create a “win-win†? situation so that climate change policies contribute to poverty reduction and poverty-reduction policies contribute to climate change mitigation and resilience building. The key finding of the report is that climate change represents a significant obstacle to the sustained eradication of poverty, but future impacts on poverty are determined by policy choices: rapid, inclusive, and climate-informed development can prevent most short-term impacts whereas immediate pro-poor, emissions-reduction policies can drastically limit long-term ones.