Author: Muhammad Publisher: ISBN: Category : Adsorption Languages : en Pages : 164
Book Description
A series of batch laboratory studies were conducted in order to investigate the suitability of palm kernel shell (PKS)-based activated carbon for the removal of cadmium (cadmium ions) and zinc (zinc ions) from their aqueous solutions. Single and binary adsorption isotherms and kinetics were investigated. All batch experiments were carried out at a constant temperature of 30±1oC using an incubator shaker that operated at 150 rpm. A concentration ratio of cadmium and zinc used in the adsorption of binary system is 1:1. Batch equilibrium studies showed that adsorption of cadmium and zinc were highly pH dependent. Uptake of cadmium and zinc increased with pH with maximum removal observed at pH 7.0, and decreased thereafter with further increase in the initial pH. In a single component system, the adsorption capacity of cadmium was higher than zinc, whilst in a binary component system, the adsorption capacity of zinc was higher than cadmium. The single component equilibrium data was analyzed using the Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson isotherms. Overall, the Redlich-Peterson isotherm showed the best fit for all adsorption under investigation in terms of correlation coefficient as well as error analysis. For all the systems studied, the analysis of isotherm shape factor showed that the adsorption was favorable. Equilibrium isotherms for the binary adsorption of cadmium (II) and zinc (II) ions onto PKS-base activated carbon have been analyzed by using the ideal adsorbed solution (IAS) theory, extended Langmuir (EL), modified extended Langmuir (MEL), modified extended Freundlich (MEF) and modified extended Redlich-Peterson (MERP) models. The binary isotherm data could be described reasonably well by the modified extended Langmuir model. The kinetics of single and binary systems describing the sorption of cadmium and zinc have been investigated. The rate models evaluated include the pseudo first order, the pseudo-second order and the intraparticle diffusion models. Kinetic data showed that the adsorption rates were a function of initial adsorbate concentration. For both single and binary systems, the pseudo-second order model correlate excellently the experimental data, suggesting that chemisorption processes could be the rate-limiting step.
Author: Nur Hidayu Binti Misran Publisher: ISBN: Category : Biochemical engineering Languages : en Pages : 48
Book Description
The production of alternative activated carbon has been resolved to replace the costly activated carbon to remove unwanted heavy metals from contaminated water at low cost. Heavy metals are very toxicity and can harm human body. The environmental pollution became increase due to the discharge of wastewater including heavy metals and toxic nature of copper affects water resources. In this study, activated carbon produced locally from palm kernel shell was examined for the copper removal from aqueous solution by using adsorption process. Palm kernel shell not just available to get but inexpensive material that have ash content, fixed carbon, high carbon and low inorganic content. Adsorption studies conducted in completely to shown the ability of the produced activated carbon to remove copper from aqueous solutions in certain range of pH. The investigation was carried out by studying the influence of pH (1-5), adsorbent dosage (0.3-1.5 g) and initial concentration (150-350 mg/L). The result of the study shown that activated carbon from palm kernel shell with large surface area has high percentage capacity of copper removal compared to small surface area. From the result showed that the optimum parameters for maximum removal efficiency were follows as adsorbent dose (1.5 g), pH (5) and initial concentration (150 mg/L). Based on the batch adsorption experiment, the adsorption isotherm studies indicated that Langmuir model fits better for the present case. While adsorption kinetic indicated that pseudo second order model is the best for the present case.
Author: Inamuddin Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1119725240 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 688
Book Description
APPLIED WATER SCIENCE VOLUME 2 The second volume in a new two-volume set on applied water science, this book provides understanding, occurrence, identification, toxic effects and control of water pollutants in an aquatic environment using green chemistry protocols. The high rate of industrialization around the world has led to an increase in the rate of anthropogenic activities which involve the release of different types of contaminants into the aquatic environment. This generates high environmental risks, which could affect health and socio-economic activities if not treated properly. There is no doubt that the rapid progress in improving water quality and management has been motivated by the latest developments in green chemistry. Over the past decade, sources of water pollutants and the conventional methods used for the treatment of industrial wastewater treatment have flourished. Water quality and its adequate availability have been a matter of concern worldwide particularly in developing countries. According to a World Health Organization (WHO) report, more than 80% of diseases are due to the consumption of contaminated water. Heavy metals are highly toxic and are a potential threat to water, soil, and air. Their consumption in higher concentrations gives hazardous outcomes. Water quality is usually measured in terms of chemical, physical, biological, and radiological standards. The discharge of effluent by industries contains heavy metals, hazardous chemicals, and a high amount of organic and inorganic impurities that can contaminate the water environment, and hence, human health. Therefore, it is our primary responsibility to maintain the water quality in our respective countries. This book provides understanding, occurrence, identification, toxic effects and control of water pollutants in an aquatic environment using green chemistry protocols. It focuses on water remediation properties and processes including industry-scale water remediation technologies. This book covers recent literature on remediation technologies in preventing water contamination and its treatment. Chapters in this book discuss remediation of emerging pollutants using nanomaterials, polymers, advanced oxidation processes, membranes, and microalgae bioremediation, etc. It also includes photochemical, electrochemical, piezoacoustic, and ultrasound techniques. It is a unique reference guide for graduate students, faculties, researchers and industrialists working in the area of water science, environmental science, analytical chemistry, and chemical engineering. This outstanding new volume: Provides an in-depth overview of remediation technologies in water science Is written by leading experts in the field Contains excellent, well-drafted chapters for beginners, graduate students, veteran engineers, and other experts alike Discusses current challenges and future perspectives in the field Audience: This book is an invaluable guide to engineers, students, professors, scientists and R&D industrial specialists working in the fields of environmental science, geoscience, water science, physics and chemistry.
Author: Jumasiah Arsyad Publisher: ISBN: Category : Acid-base chemistry Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
A series of batch laboratory studies were conducted in order to investigate the practicability of palm kernel shell (PKS)-based activated carbon for removal of basic dye, Basic Blue 9 (BB 9) and acid dye, Acid Orange 52 (AO 52) from their aqueous solutions. Three different particle sizes of PKS were used and categorized as PKS - S, PKS - M and PKS - L. The adsorption capacities of the PKS-based activated carbons were compared with those of commercial grade coal-based activated carbons at the same conditions. All batch experiments were carried out at a constant temperature of 28oC (±2oC) using incubator shaker that operated at 150 rpm. Batch equilibrium study shows that Adsorption of BB 9 and AO 52 were highly pH dependent. Removal of BB 9 increased with pH with maximum removal observed at pH 7.0, and decreased thereafter with further increase in the initial pH. However, pH effect on AO 52 removal shows that AO 52 removal decreased with an increase in initial pH with the optimum initial was observed at 3.5. batch equilibrium data also a had good agreement with the Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson isotherm models with correlation coefficients > 0.9. Overall, the Redlich-Peterson isotherm showed the best fit for all adsorbents under investigation in terms of correlation coefficient as well as error analysis of the results. For all the systems in this study, the analysis of isotherm shape factor showed that adsorption was favorable. For the adsorbents under investigation, PKS-S has the highest adsorption capacity followed by PKS-M. PKS-L and commercial coal based pellet form have almost equally-balanced adsorption capacity. Of all the adsorbents, commercial coal-based in powder form exhibits the lowest adsorption capacity. Obtained results revealed that PKS based activated carbon is a highly potential alternative adsorbent for treatment of dye-containing wastewater. The maximum capacity of the adsorbents for BB 9 were 333.33 mg/g, 322.58 mg/g and 212.77 mg/g for PKS - S, PKS - M and PKS - L, respectively, while for powder and pellet commercial grade coal based, the capacities were 204.08 mg/g and 217.39 mg/g, respectively. On the other hand, the maximum capacities of the same adsorbents for AO 52 were 344.83 mg/g, 333.33 mg/g, 263.16 mg/g, 238.09 mg/g and 322.58 mg/g, respectively. Adsorption capacities of the same adsorbents were found to be higher for adsorption of AO 52 compared to those of BB 9 due to the smaller molecular size of the former. Batch kinetic studies were also performed to investigate the rate limiting of the adsorption process. Results obtained revealed that the adsorption of both BB 9 and AO 52 was rapid at the beginning, but approached equilibrium slowly. Experimental data can be modeled using pseudo-second-order kinetic model as first order kinetic model does not represent the whole range of adsorption process. Other than that, intraparticle diffusion was found to be prominent at a certain stage of adsorption but it would not be the only limiting step that controlled the adsorption dynamic. Kinetic data also showed that the adsorption rates were a function of initial adsorbate concentration, adsorbent particle size and adsorbent mass. For all systems under consideration, the values of k2 increased significantly as adsorbent dose increases. Nevertheless, the values of k2 were inversely proportional to the initial adsorbate concentration and adsorbent particle size. On the other hand, values of kp were found to be directly proportional to the initial adsorbate concentration but decreased gradually as adsorbent particle size and adsorbent dose increases.
Author: Ephraim Igberase Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030717224 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 174
Book Description
This book reviews some of the latest developments in the field of water treatment using multi-functional chitosan-based materials. It covers the production of chitosan beads and membranes from chitosan powder, as well as modification techniques for enhancing the material for commercial and industrial purposes. The book summarizes the results of experimental adsorption/desorption studies for elucidating the underlying reaction mechanism of heavy-metal removal from wastewater, presenting an advanced overview of an array of characterization techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, it features a look at the development and application of specialized engineering software and image analysis for modelling the kinetics of adsorption. This book is ideal for scientists and engineers working in the broader field of environmental materials science. It is all well suited for chemists, as well as industrial and civil engineers, interested in wastewater treatment and mitigation of water pollution
Author: Amode Jeminat Omotayo Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 280
Book Description
Different method of preparations had been proposed by prior research studies to remove heavy metals from industrial wastewater. In this research, various PAC samples from oil palm empty fruit bunches have been prepared by physical activation using steam to study the varying operating parameters of activation temperature, activation time and steam flow rate using 2- level full factorial experimental design to screen for the best quality adsorbent. The prepared EFB samples were carbonized for 30 minutes using nitrogen gas, followed by activation with steam gas at different thermal activation temperature of 600, 750 and 900°C with steam flow rates 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 mL/min, and contact time at 15, 30 and 45 minutes respectively for the production of activated carbon. Series of batch laboratory experiments were conducted in order to investigate the feasibility of activated carbon -derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches for the removal cadmium from aqueous solution through the adsorption process. Assessment was carried out by studying the influence of removal of Cadmium due to pH, adsorbent dosage and agitation rate to select the optimum production conditions for the novel PACs. Based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and batch adsorption test, the results indicated that activated carbon derived from 900°C, steam flow rate- 2ml/min and activation time of 15 minutes had maximum adsorption capacity at 2 mins (0.273 mg/g) for the removal of cadmium (97.2 %), R2 = 0.999 in the aqueous solutions with a yield of 21.8% and correlation coefficient R2 = 0.992. The optimum PAC sample selected was investigated through adsorption tests on aqueous solution of cadmium using the adsorption isotherms such as Langmuir and Freundlich to evaluate or predict the adsorption characteristics. In the isotherm studies, the trend of Langmuir and Freundlich coefficients ( , , and n) were in agreement with cadmium initial concentration trend. Batch adsorption studies showed that equilibrium time of 2 mins of agitation at 150 rpm was needed for the adsorption of cadmium on the activated carbon during experiment. The regression coefficient (R2) showed that Langmuir isotherm (R2= 0.984) fits the result better than Freundlich isotherms (R2 = 0.950). The characterization of PACs produced was measured to evaluate its quality and the results showed that 900°C activation temperature, 15 minutes activation time and 2.0 ml/mins steam flow rate had a high surface area of 635.16m2/g. These characteristics were observed to have favoured 900°C activated temperature, 15 mins activation time and 2.0 ml/mins steam flow rate with respect to adsorption of cadmium. EFB based- PAC would be promising in such a way that the industrial oil palm solid residue would.
Author: Clemens Reimann Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3642720161 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 419
Book Description
How large is the natural variation in concentration of the various elements in different media? How do the oft-cited "World average concentrations" in different media compare with actual analytical data? How low a detection limit do I need to attain if I want to analyse for an element in soils, sediments, water or plants? All these questions and many more can be answered by using this unique reference book. It collates data on the most important properties and uses of all naturally occurring chemical elements. It combines these with data obtained from actual analyses of different sample media (soil, stream sediment, stream water, ground water, plants, human body fluids). This combination of facts and actual data makes this book suitable for learning and teaching applied geochemistry as well.
Author: Muhammad
Author: Nur Hidayu Binti Misran
Author: Rozaina Saleh
Author: Heng Yew Chin
Author: Inamuddin
Author: Mohsen Nourouzi Mobarekeh
Author: Jumasiah Arsyad
Author: Ephraim Igberase
Author: Amode Jeminat Omotayo
Author: Clemens Reimann