Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electric railroads
Languages : en
Pages : 238
Book Description
This manual provides direction for the preparation of noise and vibration sections of environmental documents for mass transportation projects. The manual has been developed in the interest of promoting quality and uniformity in assessments. It is expected to be used by people associated with or affected by the urban transit industry, including Federal Transit Administration (FTA) staff, grant applicants, consultants and the general public. Each of these groups has an interest in noise/vibration assessment, but not all have the need for all the details of the process. Consequently, this manual has been prepared to serve readers with varying levels of technical background and interests. It sets forth the basic concepts, methods and procedures for documenting the extent and severity of noise impacts from transit projects.
Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electric railroads
Languages : en
Pages : 238
Book Description
This manual provides direction for the preparation of noise and vibration sections of environmental documents for mass transportation projects. The manual has been developed in the interest of promoting quality and uniformity in assessments. It is expected to be used by people associated with or affected by the urban transit industry, including Federal Transit Administration (FTA) staff, grant applicants, consultants and the general public. Each of these groups has an interest in noise/vibration assessment, but not all have the need for all the details of the process. Consequently, this manual has been prepared to serve readers with varying levels of technical background and interests. It sets forth the basic concepts, methods and procedures for documenting the extent and severity of noise impacts from transit projects.
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electric railroads
Languages : en
Pages : 238
Book Description
This manual provides direction for the preparation of noise and vibration sections of environmental documents for mass transportation projects. The manual has been developed in the interest of promoting quality and uniformity in assessments. It is expected to be used by people associated with or affected by the urban transit industry, including Federal Transit Administration (FTA) staff, grant applicants, consultants and the general public. Each of these groups has an interest in noise/vibration assessment, but not all have the need for all the details of the process. Consequently, this manual has been prepared to serve readers with varying levels of technical background and interests. It sets forth the basic concepts, methods and procedures for documenting the extent and severity of noise impacts from transit projects.
Un Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Author: Joint Committee on Human Rights
Publisher: The Stationery Office
ISBN: 9780104425084
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 64
Book Description
This report follows the Committee's first report of session 2008-09 on the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (HL paper 9/HC 93, ISBN 9780104014165) in which the Committee welcomed the Government's intention to ratify the Convention but drew attention to proposals for reservations and interpretative declarations. The Committee was concerned that there had been insufficient scrutiny of these proposals, not least because draft texts had not been published, and that the Office for Disability Issues had not robustly challenged Government departments about their proposals. The Government laid the Convention before Parliament on 3 March, heralding the beginning of the ratification process. Four reservations and one interpretative declaration were proposed. The Committee has criticised the Government for ruling out formal consultation on these proposals and also drawn attention to the limited opportunities for parliamentary scrutiny and control of the ratification of treaties. Ratification should take priority over potentially lengthy and futile discussions about whether or not to enter reservations but the Government's approach to some of the reservations has been unduly cautious and may detract from the position role the UK has played in relation to the Convention. The Committee considers that the reservation relating to service in the armed forces is open to challenge as incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention. The reservation relating to immigration control is felt to be too broad, its purpose has not been adequately explained and so it should be dropped. The Government should clarify matters in relation to the reservation and declaration on education and should consult on how to deal with the treatment of benefits appointees.
Publisher: The Stationery Office
ISBN: 9780104425084
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 64
Book Description
This report follows the Committee's first report of session 2008-09 on the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (HL paper 9/HC 93, ISBN 9780104014165) in which the Committee welcomed the Government's intention to ratify the Convention but drew attention to proposals for reservations and interpretative declarations. The Committee was concerned that there had been insufficient scrutiny of these proposals, not least because draft texts had not been published, and that the Office for Disability Issues had not robustly challenged Government departments about their proposals. The Government laid the Convention before Parliament on 3 March, heralding the beginning of the ratification process. Four reservations and one interpretative declaration were proposed. The Committee has criticised the Government for ruling out formal consultation on these proposals and also drawn attention to the limited opportunities for parliamentary scrutiny and control of the ratification of treaties. Ratification should take priority over potentially lengthy and futile discussions about whether or not to enter reservations but the Government's approach to some of the reservations has been unduly cautious and may detract from the position role the UK has played in relation to the Convention. The Committee considers that the reservation relating to service in the armed forces is open to challenge as incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention. The reservation relating to immigration control is felt to be too broad, its purpose has not been adequately explained and so it should be dropped. The Government should clarify matters in relation to the reservation and declaration on education and should consult on how to deal with the treatment of benefits appointees.
National policy statement for waste water
Author: Great Britain: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
Publisher: The Stationery Office
ISBN: 9780108511486
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 76
Book Description
Waste water treatment infrastructure is essential for public health and a clean environment. Demand for new and improved waste water infrastructure is likely to be driven by the following: (i) More stringent statutory requirements to protect the environment and water quality; (ii) Population growth and urbanisation; (iii) Replacement or improvement of infrastructure; (iv) Adaptation to climate change. This National Policy Statement (NPS) sets out Government policy for the provision of major waste water infrastructure as defined in the Planning Act 2008 (ISBN 9780105429081). It will be used as the primary basis for deciding development consent applications for waste water developments that fall within the definition of Nationally Significant infrastructure Projects (NSIP). The publication is divided into four chapters and four annexes: Chapter 1: Introduction; Chapter 2: Government policy on need for waste water infrastructure; Chapter 3 Factors for examination and determination of applications; Chapter 4: Generic impacts.
Publisher: The Stationery Office
ISBN: 9780108511486
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 76
Book Description
Waste water treatment infrastructure is essential for public health and a clean environment. Demand for new and improved waste water infrastructure is likely to be driven by the following: (i) More stringent statutory requirements to protect the environment and water quality; (ii) Population growth and urbanisation; (iii) Replacement or improvement of infrastructure; (iv) Adaptation to climate change. This National Policy Statement (NPS) sets out Government policy for the provision of major waste water infrastructure as defined in the Planning Act 2008 (ISBN 9780105429081). It will be used as the primary basis for deciding development consent applications for waste water developments that fall within the definition of Nationally Significant infrastructure Projects (NSIP). The publication is divided into four chapters and four annexes: Chapter 1: Introduction; Chapter 2: Government policy on need for waste water infrastructure; Chapter 3 Factors for examination and determination of applications; Chapter 4: Generic impacts.
Social Impact Assessment
Author: Reidar Kvam
Publisher: Inter-American Development Bank
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 154
Book Description
This note provides an overview of good practice standards in Social Impact Assessment (SIA). It has been prepared by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), to provide guidance to practitioners and decision-makers. By applying the approach presented in this note, it is expected that the quality, consistency, and operational relevance of SIAs will improve. SIA facilitates the systematic integration of social issues in the planning and implementation of projects. It improves the quality and sustainability of projects, supports and strengthens national requirements, and enhances project acceptance and local ownership. The SIA helps to identify and manage potential adverse social impacts a project may cause or contribute to, and to maximize benefits to local communities and other groups.
Publisher: Inter-American Development Bank
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 154
Book Description
This note provides an overview of good practice standards in Social Impact Assessment (SIA). It has been prepared by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), to provide guidance to practitioners and decision-makers. By applying the approach presented in this note, it is expected that the quality, consistency, and operational relevance of SIAs will improve. SIA facilitates the systematic integration of social issues in the planning and implementation of projects. It improves the quality and sustainability of projects, supports and strengthens national requirements, and enhances project acceptance and local ownership. The SIA helps to identify and manage potential adverse social impacts a project may cause or contribute to, and to maximize benefits to local communities and other groups.
Education, Law and Diversity
Author: Neville Harris
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN: 1509906711
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 402
Book Description
This new edition of Education, Law and Diversity provides extensive updated analysis, from a legal perspective, of how the education system responds to social diversity and how the relevant social and cultural rights of individuals and groups are affected. It spans wide-ranging areas of school provision, including: types of school (including faith schools), the school curriculum, choice of school, out-of-school settings, and duties towards children with special needs and disabilities. It gives extensive coverage to children's rights in the context of education and includes considerable new material on issues including relationships and sex education, exclusion from school, home education, equal access, counter-extremism and academisation. The new edition also retains and updates areas of debate in the book, such as those concerned with multiculturalism and the position of religion in schools. It continues to focus on England but also makes reference to other jurisdictions within the UK and internationally. It is essential reading for anyone interested in the legal and related policy issues surrounding children's education today.
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN: 1509906711
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 402
Book Description
This new edition of Education, Law and Diversity provides extensive updated analysis, from a legal perspective, of how the education system responds to social diversity and how the relevant social and cultural rights of individuals and groups are affected. It spans wide-ranging areas of school provision, including: types of school (including faith schools), the school curriculum, choice of school, out-of-school settings, and duties towards children with special needs and disabilities. It gives extensive coverage to children's rights in the context of education and includes considerable new material on issues including relationships and sex education, exclusion from school, home education, equal access, counter-extremism and academisation. The new edition also retains and updates areas of debate in the book, such as those concerned with multiculturalism and the position of religion in schools. It continues to focus on England but also makes reference to other jurisdictions within the UK and internationally. It is essential reading for anyone interested in the legal and related policy issues surrounding children's education today.
UK marine policy statement
Author: Great Britain. Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs
Publisher: The Stationery Office
ISBN: 9780108509155
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 128
Book Description
The UK Government, the Scottish Government, Welsh Assembly Government and Northern Ireland Executive are taking action to achieve clean, healthy, safe, productive and biologically diverse oceans and seas. A new system of marine planning has been introduced through the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 (ISBN 9780105423096), the Marine (Scotland) Act 2010 (ISBN 9780105901518) and proposed legislation in Northern Ireland. This marine policy statement (MPS) is the framework for preparing marine plans and taking decisions that affect the marine environment. This consultation document contains the draft MPS, a non-technical summary of the appraisal of sustainability and an impact assessment. These and other documents are available at www.defra.gov.uk/corporate/consult/marine-policy/index.htm. The introduction sets out the purpose, scope and structure of the MPS. Chapter 1 describes the role of the MPS within the wider marine planning system and its interaction with existing planning regimes. Chapter 2 outlines the vision for the UK marine area and the strategic environmental, social and economic considerations that need to be taken into account. Chapter 3 details the policy objectives for the key activities that take place in the marine environment.
Publisher: The Stationery Office
ISBN: 9780108509155
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 128
Book Description
The UK Government, the Scottish Government, Welsh Assembly Government and Northern Ireland Executive are taking action to achieve clean, healthy, safe, productive and biologically diverse oceans and seas. A new system of marine planning has been introduced through the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 (ISBN 9780105423096), the Marine (Scotland) Act 2010 (ISBN 9780105901518) and proposed legislation in Northern Ireland. This marine policy statement (MPS) is the framework for preparing marine plans and taking decisions that affect the marine environment. This consultation document contains the draft MPS, a non-technical summary of the appraisal of sustainability and an impact assessment. These and other documents are available at www.defra.gov.uk/corporate/consult/marine-policy/index.htm. The introduction sets out the purpose, scope and structure of the MPS. Chapter 1 describes the role of the MPS within the wider marine planning system and its interaction with existing planning regimes. Chapter 2 outlines the vision for the UK marine area and the strategic environmental, social and economic considerations that need to be taken into account. Chapter 3 details the policy objectives for the key activities that take place in the marine environment.
OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform Regulatory Impact Analysis A Tool for Policy Coherence
Author: OECD
Publisher: OECD Publishing
ISBN: 9264067116
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 185
Book Description
This publication brings together recent OECD research and analysis concerning methodological issues and country experiences with regulatory impact analysis (RIA). The collected papers cover a number of challenges to the effectiveness of RIA.
Publisher: OECD Publishing
ISBN: 9264067116
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 185
Book Description
This publication brings together recent OECD research and analysis concerning methodological issues and country experiences with regulatory impact analysis (RIA). The collected papers cover a number of challenges to the effectiveness of RIA.
New Directions in Social Impact Assessment
Author: Frank Vanclay
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN: 1781001197
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 417
Book Description
'This book should be read by anyone commissioning impact assessments who wants to build their understanding of the more progressive and innovative end of the topic. A job well done in the eyes of stakeholders and regulators requires proper social analysis.' Jon Samuel, Head of Social Performance, Anglo American 'The list of authors reads like a who's who in SIA. Academics and practitioners are equally represented among the authors. The book provides a good mix of broad theoretical concepts and specific practical topics.' Martin Haefele, Manager, Environmental Impact Assessment at Mackenzie Valley Environmental Impact Review Board, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada 'This book gives a very broad overview of where Social Impact Assessment is coming from, where it is now and where it could go: from an impact assessment tool to an impact management tool. It provides a realistic insight in both the achievements and the struggles of Social Impact Assessment. A recommended read for both those interested in Social Impact Assessment and those in related domains where social issues are gaining increasing importance, such as Environmental Assessment and Sustainability Appraisal.' Rob Verheem, Deputy Director, Netherlands Commission for Environmental Assessment This important new book outlines current developments in thinking in the field of Social Impact Assessment (SIA). It advances the theory and practice of SIA, and argues that a dramatic shift is required in the way socioeconomic studies and community participation is undertaken. The book emphasizes that, much more than the act of predicting impacts in a regulatory context, SIA needs to be the process of managing the social aspects of development and that there needs to be a holistic and integrated approach to impact assessment. It stresses that greater attention needs to be given to ensuring that the goals of development are attained and enhanced. This significant addition to the literature will be an invaluable reference for academics, consultants and practitioners.
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN: 1781001197
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 417
Book Description
'This book should be read by anyone commissioning impact assessments who wants to build their understanding of the more progressive and innovative end of the topic. A job well done in the eyes of stakeholders and regulators requires proper social analysis.' Jon Samuel, Head of Social Performance, Anglo American 'The list of authors reads like a who's who in SIA. Academics and practitioners are equally represented among the authors. The book provides a good mix of broad theoretical concepts and specific practical topics.' Martin Haefele, Manager, Environmental Impact Assessment at Mackenzie Valley Environmental Impact Review Board, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada 'This book gives a very broad overview of where Social Impact Assessment is coming from, where it is now and where it could go: from an impact assessment tool to an impact management tool. It provides a realistic insight in both the achievements and the struggles of Social Impact Assessment. A recommended read for both those interested in Social Impact Assessment and those in related domains where social issues are gaining increasing importance, such as Environmental Assessment and Sustainability Appraisal.' Rob Verheem, Deputy Director, Netherlands Commission for Environmental Assessment This important new book outlines current developments in thinking in the field of Social Impact Assessment (SIA). It advances the theory and practice of SIA, and argues that a dramatic shift is required in the way socioeconomic studies and community participation is undertaken. The book emphasizes that, much more than the act of predicting impacts in a regulatory context, SIA needs to be the process of managing the social aspects of development and that there needs to be a holistic and integrated approach to impact assessment. It stresses that greater attention needs to be given to ensuring that the goals of development are attained and enhanced. This significant addition to the literature will be an invaluable reference for academics, consultants and practitioners.
Judicial Review Handbook
Author: The Hon Sir Michael Fordham
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN: 1847317952
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 1367
Book Description
Foreword by Lord Woolf, the former Lord Chief Justice. The Judicial Review Handbook is one of the leading works in public law, an indispensable source of reference and a guide to the burgeoning case law in judicial review. Established as an essential part of the library of any practitioner engaged in public law cases, the Judicial Review Handbook offers unrivalled coverage of administrative law, including, but not confined to the work of the Administrative Court and its procedures. But as anyone who has used the previous editions will acknowledge, it is much more than that. The completely revised and up-dated fifth edition is once again structured around 63 unique legal principles supported by a compendious compilation of sources and an unequalled selection of reported case quotations. It also includes essential procedural rules, forms and guidance issued by the Administrative Court. This edition builds on previous editions with deepened coverage of the impact on judicial review of both the Civil Procedure Rules and the Human Rights Act 1998 which, at the time of the previous edition, were both new arrivals in English law. Their impact, and the plethora of cases which explore their meaning and application, are fully analysed and evaluated by Michael Fordham, and quotations from the cases incorporated into the unique appendices of case extracts. The author, a leading member of the English public law bar, has been involved in many of the leading judicial review cases in recent years and is the founding editor of the Judicial Review journal. "It is our first port of call when we have an administrative law problem". (Lord Woolf, from the Foreword to the Third Edition) See the companion website for this book (including case synopses) at: www.judicialreviewhandbook.com.
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN: 1847317952
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 1367
Book Description
Foreword by Lord Woolf, the former Lord Chief Justice. The Judicial Review Handbook is one of the leading works in public law, an indispensable source of reference and a guide to the burgeoning case law in judicial review. Established as an essential part of the library of any practitioner engaged in public law cases, the Judicial Review Handbook offers unrivalled coverage of administrative law, including, but not confined to the work of the Administrative Court and its procedures. But as anyone who has used the previous editions will acknowledge, it is much more than that. The completely revised and up-dated fifth edition is once again structured around 63 unique legal principles supported by a compendious compilation of sources and an unequalled selection of reported case quotations. It also includes essential procedural rules, forms and guidance issued by the Administrative Court. This edition builds on previous editions with deepened coverage of the impact on judicial review of both the Civil Procedure Rules and the Human Rights Act 1998 which, at the time of the previous edition, were both new arrivals in English law. Their impact, and the plethora of cases which explore their meaning and application, are fully analysed and evaluated by Michael Fordham, and quotations from the cases incorporated into the unique appendices of case extracts. The author, a leading member of the English public law bar, has been involved in many of the leading judicial review cases in recent years and is the founding editor of the Judicial Review journal. "It is our first port of call when we have an administrative law problem". (Lord Woolf, from the Foreword to the Third Edition) See the companion website for this book (including case synopses) at: www.judicialreviewhandbook.com.
European Journal of Policing Studies
Author:
Publisher: Maklu
ISBN: 9046609383
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 154
Book Description
Contents: Introduction Antoinette Verhage, Lieselot Bisschop and Wim Hardyns br> Articles How to Police a Porous Fortress? Monica den Boer (1) Abstract The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the way in which the European Union has gradually but steadily built a security architecture based on the control of mobility and borders. Different logics of policing are interwoven in several projects, which are strongly interdependent with technological innovation. Furthermore, the European policing of mobility is primarily performed by mounting surveillance – both inside and beyond European borders – by means of which all forms of movement (transactions, travelling, etc.) are subjected to intensive monitoring by multiple actors who are interlinked through strategies and systems. The main finding is that border policing is shifting in a fundamental way from fixed to fluid, from territorial to virtual, and from physical to technological. Hence, paradoxically, though mobility is strongly promoted as one of the main virtues of the European Union, Europe’s precautionary protection may be at ill-ease with the free movement of people. The article seeks to stimulate the knowledge and debate about deeper shifts in Europe’s security apparatus and develops this from a law enforcement perspective. Keywords: Europe; borders; security; mobility; technology (1) Academic Dean at the Police Academy of The Netherlands, Member of the Committee on European Integration of the Advisory Council on International Affairs and Visiting Professor at the College of Europe in Bruges. Police Science in Germany: History and New Perspectives Joachim Kersten (1) and Ansgar Burchard (2) Abstract In the German speaking academic world Police Science (Polizeiwissenschaft) is a fairly new and little known area of social science. Accordingly, the academic status of police science is anything but firmly established but rather at a ‘hybrid’ stage of development. The very combination of policing and academic study/research seems to remain largely incompatible not only to police managers but also to main stream sociology. German police science differs substantially from the Anglo-American-Australian approach. One main difference pertains to legal traditions, others are due to historical and cultural developments that will be taken up in this descriptive essay. However, Anglo-American-Australian police theories have a lot to offer to German and European police scientists and this will be demonstrated. For a future common approach to an evolving European police science similar descriptions will be required from other European countries to establish a comparative foundation of joint EU police studies. Some of the principal dimensions of such a comparison will be sketched in this essay. It concludes with a presentation of empirically based police studies carried out by instructors and Master students at the newly founded German Police University in Münster. Topics are media coverage of clashes between police and demonstrators, a typology of third party intervention in cases of assault in public places and COREPOL (EU FP7), a comparative security research project aiming at an improvement of police-minority relations through means of restorative justice programs. Keywords: Police Science in Germany; accountability; YouTube; public relations; Facebook; civil courage; violent assaults (1) Professor and Head of Department of the Department of Police Science at the German Police University (Germany), DAAD Professor at Northwestern University, and guest professor in Maastricht/NL, in Sydney/Australia, and in Tokyo/Japan. (2) Senior Researcher for ‘COREPOL’ (EU FP7).
Publisher: Maklu
ISBN: 9046609383
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 154
Book Description
Contents: Introduction Antoinette Verhage, Lieselot Bisschop and Wim Hardyns br> Articles How to Police a Porous Fortress? Monica den Boer (1) Abstract The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the way in which the European Union has gradually but steadily built a security architecture based on the control of mobility and borders. Different logics of policing are interwoven in several projects, which are strongly interdependent with technological innovation. Furthermore, the European policing of mobility is primarily performed by mounting surveillance – both inside and beyond European borders – by means of which all forms of movement (transactions, travelling, etc.) are subjected to intensive monitoring by multiple actors who are interlinked through strategies and systems. The main finding is that border policing is shifting in a fundamental way from fixed to fluid, from territorial to virtual, and from physical to technological. Hence, paradoxically, though mobility is strongly promoted as one of the main virtues of the European Union, Europe’s precautionary protection may be at ill-ease with the free movement of people. The article seeks to stimulate the knowledge and debate about deeper shifts in Europe’s security apparatus and develops this from a law enforcement perspective. Keywords: Europe; borders; security; mobility; technology (1) Academic Dean at the Police Academy of The Netherlands, Member of the Committee on European Integration of the Advisory Council on International Affairs and Visiting Professor at the College of Europe in Bruges. Police Science in Germany: History and New Perspectives Joachim Kersten (1) and Ansgar Burchard (2) Abstract In the German speaking academic world Police Science (Polizeiwissenschaft) is a fairly new and little known area of social science. Accordingly, the academic status of police science is anything but firmly established but rather at a ‘hybrid’ stage of development. The very combination of policing and academic study/research seems to remain largely incompatible not only to police managers but also to main stream sociology. German police science differs substantially from the Anglo-American-Australian approach. One main difference pertains to legal traditions, others are due to historical and cultural developments that will be taken up in this descriptive essay. However, Anglo-American-Australian police theories have a lot to offer to German and European police scientists and this will be demonstrated. For a future common approach to an evolving European police science similar descriptions will be required from other European countries to establish a comparative foundation of joint EU police studies. Some of the principal dimensions of such a comparison will be sketched in this essay. It concludes with a presentation of empirically based police studies carried out by instructors and Master students at the newly founded German Police University in Münster. Topics are media coverage of clashes between police and demonstrators, a typology of third party intervention in cases of assault in public places and COREPOL (EU FP7), a comparative security research project aiming at an improvement of police-minority relations through means of restorative justice programs. Keywords: Police Science in Germany; accountability; YouTube; public relations; Facebook; civil courage; violent assaults (1) Professor and Head of Department of the Department of Police Science at the German Police University (Germany), DAAD Professor at Northwestern University, and guest professor in Maastricht/NL, in Sydney/Australia, and in Tokyo/Japan. (2) Senior Researcher for ‘COREPOL’ (EU FP7).