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Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
In the United States, recent environmental regulations will likely result in the removal of nearly 30 GW of oil and coal-fired generation from the power grid, mostly in the Eastern Interconnection (EI). The effects of this transition on voltage stability and transmission line flows have previously not been studied from a system-wide perspective. This report discusses the results of power flow studies designed to simulate the evolution of the EI over the next few years as traditional generation sources are replaced with environmentally friendlier ones such as natural gas and wind.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
In the United States, recent environmental regulations will likely result in the removal of nearly 30 GW of oil and coal-fired generation from the power grid, mostly in the Eastern Interconnection (EI). The effects of this transition on voltage stability and transmission line flows have previously not been studied from a system-wide perspective. This report discusses the results of power flow studies designed to simulate the evolution of the EI over the next few years as traditional generation sources are replaced with environmentally friendlier ones such as natural gas and wind.
Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Publisher: ISBN: Category : Delegated legislation Languages : en Pages : 224
Author: Jason S. Johnston Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 1108415636 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 657
Book Description
Johnston unpacks and critiques the legal, economic, and scientific basis for precautionary climate policies pursued in the United States. In doing so, he reveals an alternative approach to climate change policy that would enable the US to efficiently adapt to a changing climate and radically reduce its greenhouse gas emissions.
Author: Douglas Christopher Mitarotonda Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
The reliable supply of electricity over an electrical network is essential for modern societies. The electrical network is a complex grid connecting electric generation units, or generators, with the consumers who use the energy to meet their daily needs. In order to successfully provide electric energy to consumers each day, certain regulations are implemented by the regional dispatcher of electricity to ensure its uninterrupted delivery even if a mild contingency occurs. Unlike the electric energy consumed by each individual consumer, which is a private good because consumers use and pay for exactly what they use, the electric reliability supplied over the network is a public good. This is because all consumers in a region receive the same level of electric reliability, no matter how much electricity is individually consumed. While the reliable supply of electricity is crucial, there is also serious concern about the negative environmental impacts of the air pollution created by these generators. Depending on the type of air pollutant, it can have either a uniform or localized impact, called global or criteria pollutants, respectively. Though global and criteria pollutants impact the environment differently, both have properties of public goods because all consumers in the region affected by the pollutant receive the same level of air pollution, no matter how much electricity is individually consumed. Further complicating the layering of environmental regulation on top of electric reliability regulation is that the path of electricity over the network, the dispersion of global pollutants through the air, and the dispersion of criteria pollutants through the air generally differ. In order to explore the interactions of electric reliability and environmental regulation, both a theoretical and numerical simulation framework is built. The main exploration of the theoretical model is to compare, while considering electric reliability and environmental pollution, the social welfare maximizing solution to the competitive market solution. This is done to determine if competitive markets for electricity and either global or criteria air pollutants can achieve the socially optimal solution. In addition to the theoretical analysis, numerical simulations of a highly simplified electricity network and airshed for Northeastern North America are built. The model is exercised under varying combinations of variables in order to test the practical significance of the theoretical results. The adjustment of the model variables allows for meaningful research in two primary areas. The first area is understanding the policy impacts of environmental regulation, such as the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), when faced with various constraints on the electric grid, such as a required reserve margin. The second area is to study varying methodological practices for modeling the electric grid by comparing alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) simulation results and the effect of their different estimates of line constraints based upon both thermal load and voltage level. The results of the theoretical analysis lead to the conclusion that after assuming a central planner has set variables surrounding the transmission grid, complicating interdependencies in markets for criteria pollutants make achieving the socially optimal solution unlikely. Markets for global pollutants can more easily achieve the socially optimal solution due to the lack of these interdependencies. The numerical simulations demonstrate a major issue that can arise in attempts to regulate air pollution on a regional basis in a policy such as the RGGI. "Leakage" occurs when the cost of generating electricity to pollution emitting generators in the regions where air pollution regulation applies is increased, inducing larger imports of electricity from external unregulated regions that do not face the same emission cost. The resulting outcome may diminish the effectiveness of the regulation in reducing pollution or, in the worst case, increase total emissions. The outcome of the simulations shows that leakage is a major concern for the RGGI's ability to reduce net emissions. The numerical simulations also demonstrate that the outcomes critically depend on the methodology used in solving the system. Both a DC approximation of the actual AC system (flows are modeled by linear equations in a DC network) and the more realistic non-linear AC network that includes constraints on voltage levels (a public good that in reality must be kept within bounds) are modeled. In addition, the electric transmission power constraints are relaxed to examine their importance. The difference in complexity between AC modeling and DC modeling as well as transmission constraints become especially important when the network is operated at high prices for the regulated air pollutants, causing significant changes to the mix of the fuel type used by dispatched generators.
Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development Publisher: ISBN: Category : Federal aid to energy development Languages : en Pages : 1564
Author: United States. National Energy Policy Development Group Publisher: Group Publishing (Company) ISBN: Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 176
Author: Ottmar Edenhofer Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 9781107607101 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 1088
Book Description
This Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report (IPCC-SRREN) assesses the potential role of renewable energy in the mitigation of climate change. It covers the six most important renewable energy sources - bioenergy, solar, geothermal, hydropower, ocean and wind energy - as well as their integration into present and future energy systems. It considers the environmental and social consequences associated with the deployment of these technologies, and presents strategies to overcome technical as well as non-technical obstacles to their application and diffusion. SRREN brings a broad spectrum of technology-specific experts together with scientists studying energy systems as a whole. Prepared following strict IPCC procedures, it presents an impartial assessment of the current state of knowledge: it is policy relevant but not policy prescriptive. SRREN is an invaluable assessment of the potential role of renewable energy for the mitigation of climate change for policymakers, the private sector, and academic researchers.
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Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations
Author: Jason S. Johnston
Author: Douglas Christopher Mitarotonda
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Author: 
Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development
Author: 
Author: United States. National Energy Policy Development Group
Author: Ottmar Edenhofer