Environmental and Biological Controls on the Shell Geochemistry of the Planktic Foraminifera Orbulina Universa PDF Download
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Author: Katherine Davina Holland Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Foraminifera make excellent archives of past oceans and climate because they grow calcium carbonate shells which incorporate trace element and stable isotopes that reflect the seawater conditions in which they grow. This study aims to: (i) improve understanding of the factors that influence trace element and stable isotope incorporation into foraminifera shells, and (ii) improve proxy calibrations for reconstructing past ocean carbonate system parameters and temperature. To do this, I have cultured living foraminifers in seawaters that have a wide range of cation and carbonate chemistry compositions. The shells produced by these foraminifers have been analysed by a laser ablation ICP-MS microanalysis techniques. The study has focused on three specific objectives: (i) formalising the sensitivity of shell trace element to calcium (TE/Ca) ratios to changes in seawater composition, (ii) establishing the response of bulk shell TE/Ca compositions to carbonate system chemistry and shell growth rates linked to the calcite saturation state of seawater, and (iii) characterising the responses of intra-shell TE/Ca and boron isotope composition to changes in the carbonate system chemistry of the foraminiferal microenvironment over diurnal cycles due to variation in respiration, calcification, and symbiont photosynthesis. To quantify the effect that changes in the Mg/Ca ratio of seawater has on the foraminifer shell Mg/Ca thermometer, both seawater [Mg] and [Ca] concentrations were varied independently in culture experiments. Results from these experiments has permitted the shell Mg/Ca thermometer to be recalibrated to account for the effects of past changes in seawater Mg/Ca ratio and [Ca] concentration. Culture experiments on Orbulina universa were also used to investigate the effects of different carbonate system parameters; pH, DIC, carbonate ion, seawater [Ca] and calcite saturation state on shell B/Ca, Mg/Ca, Mn/Ca, Sr/Ca and U/Ca compositions. Seawater DIC concentration was found to form significant correlations with B/Ca, Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca shell compositions, and seawater carbonate ion concentration had the dominant effect on U/Ca. Orbulina universa exhibits a narrow range in shell growth rates over a wide range in calcite saturation state of experimental seawaters, indicating shell growth is highly regulated. Intra-shell B/Ca and U/Ca ratios record significant changes in carbonate system chemistry of the foraminiferal microenvironment over diurnal time scales due to the net effects of photosynthesis-respiration and calcification of the foraminifer and its algal symbionts. Orbulina universa shell composition was also explored for internal variation in boron isotope composition. The resolution of the laser ablation MC-ICP-MS technique used is near the precision limits of modelled changes in microenvironment carbonate system chemistry. The measured bulk shell boron isotope compositions are significantly offset from the predicted boron isotope composition of the seawater borate ion. In summary, this thesis provides new insights into the factors controlling trace element and isotope incorporation into foraminiferal calcite, including the extent to which biological factor influence the composition of precipitated shell calcite relative to external seawater chemistry.
Author: Katherine Davina Holland Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Foraminifera make excellent archives of past oceans and climate because they grow calcium carbonate shells which incorporate trace element and stable isotopes that reflect the seawater conditions in which they grow. This study aims to: (i) improve understanding of the factors that influence trace element and stable isotope incorporation into foraminifera shells, and (ii) improve proxy calibrations for reconstructing past ocean carbonate system parameters and temperature. To do this, I have cultured living foraminifers in seawaters that have a wide range of cation and carbonate chemistry compositions. The shells produced by these foraminifers have been analysed by a laser ablation ICP-MS microanalysis techniques. The study has focused on three specific objectives: (i) formalising the sensitivity of shell trace element to calcium (TE/Ca) ratios to changes in seawater composition, (ii) establishing the response of bulk shell TE/Ca compositions to carbonate system chemistry and shell growth rates linked to the calcite saturation state of seawater, and (iii) characterising the responses of intra-shell TE/Ca and boron isotope composition to changes in the carbonate system chemistry of the foraminiferal microenvironment over diurnal cycles due to variation in respiration, calcification, and symbiont photosynthesis. To quantify the effect that changes in the Mg/Ca ratio of seawater has on the foraminifer shell Mg/Ca thermometer, both seawater [Mg] and [Ca] concentrations were varied independently in culture experiments. Results from these experiments has permitted the shell Mg/Ca thermometer to be recalibrated to account for the effects of past changes in seawater Mg/Ca ratio and [Ca] concentration. Culture experiments on Orbulina universa were also used to investigate the effects of different carbonate system parameters; pH, DIC, carbonate ion, seawater [Ca] and calcite saturation state on shell B/Ca, Mg/Ca, Mn/Ca, Sr/Ca and U/Ca compositions. Seawater DIC concentration was found to form significant correlations with B/Ca, Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca shell compositions, and seawater carbonate ion concentration had the dominant effect on U/Ca. Orbulina universa exhibits a narrow range in shell growth rates over a wide range in calcite saturation state of experimental seawaters, indicating shell growth is highly regulated. Intra-shell B/Ca and U/Ca ratios record significant changes in carbonate system chemistry of the foraminiferal microenvironment over diurnal time scales due to the net effects of photosynthesis-respiration and calcification of the foraminifer and its algal symbionts. Orbulina universa shell composition was also explored for internal variation in boron isotope composition. The resolution of the laser ablation MC-ICP-MS technique used is near the precision limits of modelled changes in microenvironment carbonate system chemistry. The measured bulk shell boron isotope compositions are significantly offset from the predicted boron isotope composition of the seawater borate ion. In summary, this thesis provides new insights into the factors controlling trace element and isotope incorporation into foraminiferal calcite, including the extent to which biological factor influence the composition of precipitated shell calcite relative to external seawater chemistry.
Author: William E. N. Austin Publisher: Geological Society of London ISBN: 9781862392571 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 206
Book Description
Most of our information about the evolution of Earth's ocean-climate system comes from the analysis of sediments laid down in the past. For example, the microfossil assemblage reflects the temperature, salinity and nutrient abundance of the water in which the organisms lived, while the chemical and isotopic composition of biogenic carbonates may be used to reconstruct past variations in the operation of the carbon cycle, as well as changes in ocean circulation. Nevertheless, understanding the link between these sediment variables (or 'proxies') and environmental conditions is not straightforward. This volume adopts a novel approach by bringing together palaeontologists, geochemists and palaeoceanographers, who contribute evidence that is required to better constrain these proxies. Topics include: (i) processes of biomineralization, and their effect on the chemical and isotopic composition of different organisms; (ii) proxy validation, including field, laboratory and theoretical studies; (iii) the links between modern and fossil organisms
Author: Christoph Hemleben Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1461235448 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 374
Book Description
In a single volume, the authors bring together a review of current biological understanding of planktonic foraminifera and apply it to developments in sedimentology. With the growing interest in the shells of this class of protozoa as indicators of the history of the earth, revealed through the sedimentary record, a comprehensive analysis of the biology of contemporary foraminifera has become necessary. Main topics covered include Taxonomy, Collecting and Culture Methods, Cellular Ultrastructure, Host and Symbiont Relationships, Trophic Activity and Nutrition, Reproduction, Shell Ontogeny and Architecture, Ecology and Sedimentation and Settlement of Shells.
Author: Marcelle K. BouDagher-Fadel Publisher: UCL Press ISBN: 1910634263 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 320
Book Description
The role of fossil planktonic foraminifera as markers for biostratigraphical zonation and correlation underpins most drilling of marine sedimentary sequences and is key to hydrocarbon exploration. The first - and only - book to synthesise the whole biostratigraphic and geological usefulness of planktonic foraminifera, Biostratigraphic and Geological Significance of Planktonic Foraminifera unifies existing biostratigraphic schemes and provides an improved correlation reflecting regional biogeographies.Renowned micropaleontologist Marcelle K. Boudagher-Fadel presents a comprehensive analysis of existing data on fossil planktonic foraminifera genera and their phylogenetic evolution in time and space. This important text, now in its Second Edition, is in considerable demand and is now being republished by UCL Press.
Author: Gerhard Fischer Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3642586465 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 768
Book Description
Paleoceanographic proxies provide infonnation for reconstructions of the past, including climate changes, global and regional oceanography, and the cycles of biochemical components in the ocean. These prox ies are measurable descriptors for desired but unobservable environmental variables such as tempera ture, salinity, primary productivity, nutrient content, or surface-water carbon dioxide concentrations. The proxies are employed in a manner analogous to oceanographic methods. The water masses are first characterized according to their specific physical and chemical properties, and then related to particular assemblages of certain organisms or to particular element or isotope distributions. We have a long-standing series of proven proxies available. Marine microfossil assemblages, for instance, are employed to reconstruct surface-water temperatures. The calcareous shells of planktonic and benthic microorgan isms contain a wealth of paleoceanographic information in their isotopic and elemental compositions. Stable oxygen isotope measurements are used to detennine ice volume, and MglCa ratios are related to water temperatures, to cite a few examples. Organic material may also provide valuable infonnation, e. g. , about past productivity conditions. Studying the stable carbon isotope composition of bulk organic matter or individual marine organic components may provide a measure of past surface-water CO 2 conditions within the bounds of certain assumptions. Within the scope of paleoceanographic investigations, the existing proxies are continuously evolving and improving, while new proxies are being studied and developed. The methodology is improved by analysis of samples from the water column and surface sediments, and through laboratory experiments.
Author: Ralf Schiebel Publisher: Springer ISBN: 9783662502952 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 358
Book Description
This book provides a comprehensive overview of the taxonomy, biology, sedimentation, and carbonate geochemistry of modern species. Students, early career and advanced scientists alike will profit from a broad synthesis of the current understanding of planktic foraminifers as an ecological indicator, biogeochemical factories, and proxies in paleoceanography. The classification of modern species is amply illustrated with electron and light microscope images of morphotypes, addresses the state-of-the-art of molecular genetics of species, and provides a detailed guide for any laboratory analyses. The biology of planktic foraminifers is extensively discussed in chapters dedicated to the cellular ultrastructure, nutrition, symbionts, reproduction, ontogeny, and test architecture. Building on the biological prerequisites, the distribution of planktic foraminifers is discussed at regional to global scale. The geochemistry and sedimentation of tests are considered in relation to the ecology of the living animal. In the final chapter, which examines the most common methods in planktic foraminifer research, hands-on information is provided on sampling, processing and analyzing samples in the laboratory, as well as selected established methods for data interpretation. The various topics discussed in this book are aimed at the application of planktic foraminifers as sensitive indicators of the changing climate and marine environment.
Author: Bärbel Hönisch Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1119010632 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 241
Book Description
Anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions do not only warm our planet but also acidify our oceans. It is currently unclear to which degree Earth’s climate and marine life will be impacted by these changes but information from Earth history, particularly the geochemical signals of past environmental changes stored in the fossil remains of marine organisms, can help us predict possible future changes. This book aims to be a primer for scientists who seek to apply boron proxies in marine carbonates to estimate past seawater carbonate chemistry and atmospheric pCO2. Boron proxies (δ11B and B/Ca) were introduced nearly three decades ago, with subsequent strides being made in understanding their mechanistic functioning. This text reviews current knowledge about the aqueous systematics, the inorganic and biological controls on boron isotope fractionation and incorporation into marine carbonates, as well as the analytical techniques for measurement of boron proxies. Laboratory and field calibrations of the boron proxies are summarized, and similarities between modern calibrations are explored to suggest estimates for proxy sensitivities in marine calcifiers that are now extinct. Example applications illustrate the potential for reconstructing paleo-atmospheric pCO2 from boron isotopes. Also explored are the sensitivity of paleo-ocean acidity and pCO2 reconstructions to boron isotope proxy systematics that are currently less well understood, including the elemental and boron isotopic composition of seawater through time, seawater alkalinity, temperature and salinity, and their collective impact on the uncertainty of paleo-reconstructions. The B/Ca proxy is based on the same mechanistic principles as the boron isotope proxy, but empirical calibrations suggest seawater pH is not the only controlling factor. B/Ca therefore has the potential to provide a second carbonate parameter that could be paired with δ11B to fully constrain the ocean carbonate system, but the associated uncertainties are large. This text reviews and examines what is currently known about the B/Ca proxy systematics. As more scientists embark on characterizing past ocean acidity and atmospheric pCO2, Boron in Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology provides a resource to introduce geoscientists to the opportunities and complications of boron proxies, including potential avenues to further refine them.
Author: Barun K. Sen Gupta Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 0306481049 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 368
Book Description
From the reviews: "This is now the definitive, authoritative text on applied foraminiferal micropaleontology and should be in the library of all practicing micropaleontologists." (William A. Berggren, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Micropaleontology, 47:1 (2001)"During the last 20 years there has been an explosion of publications about foraminifera from an amazing variety of disciplines: basic cell biology, algal symbiosis, biomineralization, biogeography, ecology, pollution, chemical oceanography, geochemistry, paleoceanography, and geology. This book summarizes contributions by leading researchers in these diverse fields. It is not just another text on the biology of foraminifera. Rather, Barun Sen Gupta has accomplished his objective to "write an advanced text for university students that would also serve as a reference book for professionals"." (Howard J. Spero, University of California at Davis in Limnology and Oceanography, 45:8 (2000).
Author: Katherine Davina Holland
Author: Katherine Davina Holland
Author: William E. N. Austin
Author: Christoph Hemleben
Author: Marcelle K. BouDagher-Fadel
Author: Gerhard Fischer
Author: Ralf Schiebel
Author: Richard Thomas Kilbourne
Author: Bärbel Hönisch
Author: Barun K. Sen Gupta
Author: Bryan E. Bemis