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Author: Gerhard F. Schilling Publisher: ISBN: Category : Mars (Planet) Languages : en Pages : 18
Book Description
The planning of the exploration of Mars by means of space vehicles imposes demands on our knowledge of the atmosphere of Mars which go beyond the concepts of 'best values' or 'most likely conditions.' In view of the present scarcity of reliable data, a theoretical model of the Martian atmosphere is offered here which instead gives the limiting conditions to be encountered. This model atmosphere gives extreme upper and lower probable limits of pressure, temperature, and density up to 150 km altitude over middle and low latitudes, independent of time of day or season. In addition, a number of parameters are tabulated which are of concern for the engineering design of entry probes. The mathematical method was based on the present factual knowledge with a minimum of assumptions and has therefore yielded results on a rather high confidence level. This has been achieved in part through an extremely wide spread of values. Nevertheless, a combination of circumstances makes it apparent that the engineering task of atmospheric entry will be easier for the Martian atmosphere than for the atmosphere of any other planet in our solar system. It can safely be concluded that Mars will be the first planet inviting manned exploration from an engineering as well as scientific point of view. (Author).
Author: Gerhard F. Schilling Publisher: ISBN: Category : Mars (Planet) Languages : en Pages : 18
Book Description
The planning of the exploration of Mars by means of space vehicles imposes demands on our knowledge of the atmosphere of Mars which go beyond the concepts of 'best values' or 'most likely conditions.' In view of the present scarcity of reliable data, a theoretical model of the Martian atmosphere is offered here which instead gives the limiting conditions to be encountered. This model atmosphere gives extreme upper and lower probable limits of pressure, temperature, and density up to 150 km altitude over middle and low latitudes, independent of time of day or season. In addition, a number of parameters are tabulated which are of concern for the engineering design of entry probes. The mathematical method was based on the present factual knowledge with a minimum of assumptions and has therefore yielded results on a rather high confidence level. This has been achieved in part through an extremely wide spread of values. Nevertheless, a combination of circumstances makes it apparent that the engineering task of atmospheric entry will be easier for the Martian atmosphere than for the atmosphere of any other planet in our solar system. It can safely be concluded that Mars will be the first planet inviting manned exploration from an engineering as well as scientific point of view. (Author).
Author: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform ISBN: 9781722163754 Category : Languages : en Pages : 30
Book Description
An engineering model atmosphere for Mars is being developed with many of the same features and capabilities for the highly successful Global Reference Atmospheric Model (GRAM) program for Earth's atmosphere. As an initial approach, the model is being built around the Martian atmosphere model computer subroutine (ATMOS) of Culp and Stewart (1984). In a longer-term program of research, additional refinements and modifications will be included. ATMOS includes parameterizations to stimulate the effects of solar activity, seasonal variation, diurnal variation magnitude, dust storm effects, and effects due to the orbital position of Mars. One of the current shortcomings of ATMOS is the neglect of surface variation effects. The longer-term period of research and model building is to address some of these problem areas and provide further improvements in the model (including improved representation of near-surface variations, improved latitude-longitude gradient representation, effects of the large annual variation in surface pressure because of differential condensation/sublimation of the CO2 atmosphere in the polar caps, and effects of Martian atmospheric wave perturbations on the magnitude of the expected density perturbation. Justus, C. G. Unspecified Center NAG8-78...
Author: Douglas Aircraft Company Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 51
Book Description
Four model atmospheres for the planet Mars are presented for use in engineering studies. Three are for a molecular weight of 28.0 with surface pressures of 85, 162, and 37 millibars. They are representative of mean, maximum, and minimum conditions, respectively. The fourth model is for a molecular weight of 32.8 with a surface pressure of 37 millibars, representing extreme minimum conditions. These models indicate the expected numerical range of the thermodynamic variables pressure, temperature, and density - to be encountered in the Martian atmosphere from 0 to 400 kilometers (1,312,300 ft) during the 11 year solar cycle, 1975-1985. The extreme atmospheric models are not artificial envelopes of all possible combinations, but represent physical conditions which may actually exist on Mars. (Author).
Author: Gerhard F. Schilling Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 8
Book Description
Theoretical models of the atmosphere of Mars were computed on the basis of present factual knowledge with a minimum of assumptions. The resultant model atmosphere gives extreme upper and lower limits for pressure, temperature, and density in the Martian atmosphere up to 150 km altitude. While this rigorous method yielded reliable data needed for the engineering design of space probes, the spread of values is still extremely wide and indicative of the present scarcity of knowledge. (Author).
Author: Robert M. Haberle Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 110817938X Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 613
Book Description
Humanity has long been fascinated by the planet Mars. Was its climate ever conducive to life? What is the atmosphere like today and why did it change so dramatically over time? Eleven spacecraft have successfully flown to Mars since the Viking mission of the 1970s and early 1980s. These orbiters, landers and rovers have generated vast amounts of data that now span a Martian decade (roughly eighteen years). This new volume brings together the many new ideas about the atmosphere and climate system that have emerged, including the complex interplay of the volatile and dust cycles, the atmosphere-surface interactions that connect them over time, and the diversity of the planet's environment and its complex history. Including tutorials and explanations of complicated ideas, students, researchers and non-specialists alike are able to use this resource to gain a thorough and up-to-date understanding of this most Earth-like of planetary neighbours.
Author: Gerhard F. Schilling
Author: Gerhard F. Schilling
Author: George M. Levin
Author: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Author: Douglas Aircraft Company
Author: Harry Edward Bailey
Author: Gerhard F. Schilling
Author: Robert M. Haberle
Author: United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Author: George M. Levin
Author: Dwain F. Spencer