Elevated CO{sub 2} in a Prototype Free-air CO{sub 2} Enrichment Facility Affects Photosynthetic Nitrogen Relations in a Maturing Pine Forest PDF Download
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Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 45
Book Description
A maturing loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) forest was exposed to elevated CO2 in the natural environment in a perturbation study conducted over three seasons using the free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) technique. At the time measurements were begun in this study, the pine canopy was comprised entirely of foliage which had developed under elevated CO2 conditions (atmospheric [CO2] ≈ 550 {micro}mol mol{sup −1}). Measurements of leaf photosynthetic responses to CO2 were taken to examine the effects of elevated CO2 on photosynthetic N nutrition in a pine canopy under elevated CO2. Photosynthetic CO2 response curves (A-c{sub i} curves) were similar in FACE trees under elevated CO2 compared with counterpart trees in ambient plots for the first foliage cohort produced in the second season of CO2 exposure, with changes in curve form detected in the foliage cohorts subsequently produced under elevated CO2. Differences in the functional relationship between carboxylation rate and N{sub a} suggest that for a given N{sub a} allocated among successive cohorts of foliage in the upper canopy, V{sub c max} was 17% lower in FACE versus Ambient trees. The authors also found that foliar Rubisco content per unit total protein derived from Western blot analysis was lower in late-season foliage in FACE foliage compared with ambient-grown foliage. The results illustrate a potentially important mode of physiological adjustment to growth conditions that may operate in forest canopies. Their findings suggest that mature loblolly pine trees growing in the field may have the capacity for shifts in intrinsic nitrogen utilization for photosynthesis under elevated CO2 that are not dependent on changes in leaf N. While carboxylation efficiency per unit N apparently decreased under elevated CO2, photosynthetic rates in trees at elevated CO2 concentrations ≈ 550 pmol mol{sub −1} are still enhanced compared to trees grown and measured at the current ambient CO2 concentration when compared at a common N status. The findings from this prototype study suggest a need for continued examination of internal feedbacks at the whole-tree and ecosystem level in forests that may influence long-term photosynthetic responses to elevated CO2.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 45
Book Description
A maturing loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) forest was exposed to elevated CO2 in the natural environment in a perturbation study conducted over three seasons using the free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) technique. At the time measurements were begun in this study, the pine canopy was comprised entirely of foliage which had developed under elevated CO2 conditions (atmospheric [CO2] ≈ 550 {micro}mol mol{sup −1}). Measurements of leaf photosynthetic responses to CO2 were taken to examine the effects of elevated CO2 on photosynthetic N nutrition in a pine canopy under elevated CO2. Photosynthetic CO2 response curves (A-c{sub i} curves) were similar in FACE trees under elevated CO2 compared with counterpart trees in ambient plots for the first foliage cohort produced in the second season of CO2 exposure, with changes in curve form detected in the foliage cohorts subsequently produced under elevated CO2. Differences in the functional relationship between carboxylation rate and N{sub a} suggest that for a given N{sub a} allocated among successive cohorts of foliage in the upper canopy, V{sub c max} was 17% lower in FACE versus Ambient trees. The authors also found that foliar Rubisco content per unit total protein derived from Western blot analysis was lower in late-season foliage in FACE foliage compared with ambient-grown foliage. The results illustrate a potentially important mode of physiological adjustment to growth conditions that may operate in forest canopies. Their findings suggest that mature loblolly pine trees growing in the field may have the capacity for shifts in intrinsic nitrogen utilization for photosynthesis under elevated CO2 that are not dependent on changes in leaf N. While carboxylation efficiency per unit N apparently decreased under elevated CO2, photosynthetic rates in trees at elevated CO2 concentrations ≈ 550 pmol mol{sub −1} are still enhanced compared to trees grown and measured at the current ambient CO2 concentration when compared at a common N status. The findings from this prototype study suggest a need for continued examination of internal feedbacks at the whole-tree and ecosystem level in forests that may influence long-term photosynthetic responses to elevated CO2.
Author: Dieter Overdieck Publisher: Springer ISBN: 981101860X Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 247
Book Description
This comprehensive book discusses the ecophysiological features of trees affected by the two most prominent factors of climate change: atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature. It starts with the introduction of experimental methods at the leaf, branch, the whole-tree, and tree group scales, and in the following chapters elaborates on specific topics including photosynthesis of leaves, respiration of plant organs, water use efficiency, the production of and/or distribution patterns of carbohydrates, secondary metabolites, and nutrients, anatomy of cells and tissues, height and stem-diameter growth, biomass accumulation, leaf phenology and longevity, and model ecosystems (soil-litter-plant enclosures). The current knowledge is neatly summarized, and the author presents valuable data derived from his 30 years of experimental research, some of which is published here for the first time. Using numerous examples the book answers the fundamental questions such as: What are the interactions of elevated CO2 concentration and temperature on tree growth and matter partitioning? How do different tree groups react? Are there any effects on organisms living together with trees? What kinds of models can be used to interpret the results from experiments on trees? This volume is highly recommended for researchers, postdocs, and graduate students in the relevant fields. It is also a valuable resource for undergraduate students, decision-makers in the fields of forest management and environmental protection, and any other scientists who are interested in the effect of global change on ecosystems.
Author: J. N. B. Bell Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 9780471490913 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 484
Book Description
"Air Pollution and Plant Life" - Ein idealer Studienbegleiter zu Lehrveranstaltungen in den Bereichen Umwelt- und Pflanzenwissenschaft. Jetzt neu in der 2. Auflage. Dieser Band bietet einen umfassenden Überblick über die direkten und indirekten Auswirkungen der Luftverschmutzung auf die Pflanzenwelt und ihre Folgen für die allgemeine pflanzliche Produktivität. Untersucht werden verschiedene Schadstoffe, wie z.B. Oxidantien, Stickstoffoxide, Schwefeloxide, Fluoride und Feststoffteilchen, Schadstoffquellen sowie die Aufnahme und Speicherung einzelner Schadstoffe durch die Pflanzen. Darüber hinaus werden die aktuellen Richtlinien zur Luftqualität und deren Rolle in der Umweltpolitik umfassend erläutert. "Air Pollution and Plant Life" ist aber nicht nur ein wichtiges Lehrbuch für Studienanfänger und fortgeschrittene Studenten, sondern auch ein ideales Nachschlagewerk für Forscher in diesem Bereich.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 38
Book Description
A variety of approaches have been used in fumigation experiments to quantify the effects of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]{sub atm}) on plants. Mot of these approaches, reviewed elsewhere (Allen 1992), entail some type of enclosure or chamber. Chambers provide containment of the CO2-enriched air and in this way reduce the amount of CO2 required for the experiment. At the same time, chambers alter microclimate conditions in a variety of ways so that there is a significant chamber effect on the plants within. Free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) is an alternative experimental strategy in which CO2-enriched air is released into the ambient environment in such a way as to provide effective experimental control over [CO2]{sub atm} without causing any change in other environmental variables. Early types of free-air exposure systems were built in the Netherlands and England for exposing vegetation to elevated concentrations of atmospheric trace gases. The FACE Program at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) considered these original ideas in designing the BNL FACE systems. The purpose of the current BNL project in the Duke Forest is to develop a FACE system that can provide adequate control over [CO2]{sub atm} in a tall forest setting. This report is a preliminary overview of the data and much remains to be done in the analysis.
Author: Kurt S. Pregitzer Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters ISBN: 0128055626 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 27
Book Description
The Aspen free-air carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment (FACE) experiment tested how three developing forest communities responded to elevated concentrations of CO2 and/or tropospheric ozone (O3). Throughout the 11-year experiment, elevated CO2 increased aboveground productivity, whereas the initial negative effects of elevated O3 on aboveground productivity became insignificant over time. During the first 2 years, fine root biomass and soil respiration responded positively to elevated CO2 and negatively to elevated O3. However, after 5 years, O3 effects on fine root biomass were weakly negative or positive and effects on soil respiration were positive. Despite altering litter inputs, neither elevated O3 nor elevated CO2 affected overall soil C storage at the end of the experiment, consistent with observations that elevated CO2 increased and elevated O3 tended to decrease the activity of litter-degrading extracellular enzymes. Overall, our understanding of belowground processes is still insufficient to predict how ecosystems will respond to global change.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 6
Book Description
This paper presents details of a study that was done to assess the damage that elevated carbon dioxide has on forest ecosystems. Topics discussed include: elevated concentration of carbon dioxide can it be maintained at ground level; effects of wind variations; is there a problem with carbon dioxide and how serious is it; and can forests management strategies be altered to sustain forest productivity, health and diversity.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Two of the most important and pervasive greenhouse gases driving global change and impacting forests in the U.S. and around the world are atmospheric CO2 and tropospheric O3. As the only free air, large-scale manipulative experiment studying the interaction of elevated CO2 and O3 on forests, the Aspen FACE experiment was uniquely designed to address the long-term ecosystem level impacts of these two greenhouse gases on aspen-birch-maple forests, which dominate the richly forested Lake States region. The project was established in 1997 to address the overarching scientific question: "What are the effects of elevated [CO2] and [O3], alone and in combination, on the structure and functioning of northern hardwood forest ecosystems?" From 1998 through the middle of the 2009 growing season, we examined the interacting effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on ecosystem processes in an aggrading northern forest ecosystem to compare the responses of early-successional, rapid-growing shade intolerant trembling aspen and paper birch to those of a late successional, slower growing shade tolerant sugar maple. Fumigations with elevated CO2 (560 ppm during daylight hours) and O3 (approximately 1.5 x ambient) were conducted during the growing season from 1998 to 2008, and in 2009 through harvest date. Response variables quantified during the experiment included growth, competitive interactions and stand dynamics, physiological processes, plant nutrient status and uptake, tissue biochemistry, litter quality and decomposition rates, hydrology, soil respiration, microbial community composition and respiration, VOC production, treatment-pest interactions, and treatment-phenology interactions. In 2009, we conducted a detailed harvest of the site. The harvest included detailed sampling of a subset of trees by component (leaves and buds, fine branches, coarse branches and stem, coarse roots, fine roots) and excavation of soil to a depth of 1 m. Throughout the experiment, aspen and birch photosynthesis increased with elevated CO2 and tended to decrease with elevated O3, compared to the control. In contrast to aspen and birch, maple photosynthesis was not enhanced by elevated CO2. Elevated O3 did not cause significant reductions in maximum photosynthesis in birch or maple. In addition, photosynthesis in ozone sensitive clones was affected to a much greater degree than that in ozone tolerant aspen clones. Treatment effects on photosynthesis contributed to CO2 stimulation of aboveground and belowground growth that was species and genotype dependent, with birch and aspen being most responsive and maple being least responsive. The positive effects of elevated CO2 on net primary productivity NPP were sustained through the end of the experiment, but negative effects of elevated O3 on NPP had dissipated during the final three years of treatments. The declining response to O3 over time resulted from the compensatory growth of O3-tolerant genotypes and species as the growth of O3-sensitive individuals declined over time. Cumulative NPP over the entire experiment was 39% greater under elevated CO2 and 10% lower under elevated O3. Enhanced NPP under elevated CO2 was sustained by greater root exploration of soil for growth-limiting N, as well as more rapid rates of litter decomposition and microbial N release during decay. Results from Aspen FACE clearly indicate that plants growing under elevated carbon dioxide, regardless of community type or ozone level, obtained significantly greater amounts of soil N. These results indicate that greater plant growth under elevated carbon dioxide has not led to "progressive N limitation". If similar forests growing throughout northeastern North America respond in the same manner, then enhanced forest NPP under elevated CO2 may be sustained for a longer duration than previously thought, and the negative effect of elevated O3 may be diminished by compensatory growth of O3-tolerant plants as they begin to dominate forest communities ...
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Author: P. S. Curtis