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Author: Masoume Jaberi Publisher: ISBN: Category : Brackish waters Languages : en Pages : 240
Book Description
The worsening global scarcity of freshwater threatens worldwide peace and prosperity, which are intimately tied to the availability of clean, fresh water (J. E. Miller, 2003). One approach for alleviating this threat is desalination, which can turn brackish and saline water sources into freshwater, and electrodialysis reversal (EDR) is a proven and widely used technology that can desalinate brackish waters in inland areas such as the southwestern United States. In a significant advantage over other membrane-based systems like reverse osmosis, EDR's ability to clean itself renders the system resistant to scaling and fouling and allows it to operate at high levels of water recovery. In a further benefit, this system typically requires less energy than thermal distillation to desalinate brackish water, leading to a reduction in overall desalination costs. To identify the operating limits of EDR and find the parameters that maximize its performance, this research investigated the performance sensitivity and limitations of EDR for treating brackish groundwater through careful experimental and statistical analyses of selected electrical, hydraulic, and chemical variables. Experimental evaluation was performed using a pilot-scale EDR system and natural feedwaters at the Brackish Groundwater National Desalination Research Facility in Alamogordo, NM; statistical analyses were carried out using SAS software. Based on the experimental results and statistical analyses, multi-linear regression models were developed for EDR systems for removal ratio, current, and specific energy consumption.
Author: Masoume Jaberi Publisher: ISBN: Category : Brackish waters Languages : en Pages : 240
Book Description
The worsening global scarcity of freshwater threatens worldwide peace and prosperity, which are intimately tied to the availability of clean, fresh water (J. E. Miller, 2003). One approach for alleviating this threat is desalination, which can turn brackish and saline water sources into freshwater, and electrodialysis reversal (EDR) is a proven and widely used technology that can desalinate brackish waters in inland areas such as the southwestern United States. In a significant advantage over other membrane-based systems like reverse osmosis, EDR's ability to clean itself renders the system resistant to scaling and fouling and allows it to operate at high levels of water recovery. In a further benefit, this system typically requires less energy than thermal distillation to desalinate brackish water, leading to a reduction in overall desalination costs. To identify the operating limits of EDR and find the parameters that maximize its performance, this research investigated the performance sensitivity and limitations of EDR for treating brackish groundwater through careful experimental and statistical analyses of selected electrical, hydraulic, and chemical variables. Experimental evaluation was performed using a pilot-scale EDR system and natural feedwaters at the Brackish Groundwater National Desalination Research Facility in Alamogordo, NM; statistical analyses were carried out using SAS software. Based on the experimental results and statistical analyses, multi-linear regression models were developed for EDR systems for removal ratio, current, and specific energy consumption.
Author: William Shane Walker Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 374
Book Description
As freshwater resources are limited and stressed, and as the cost of conventional drinking water treatment continues to increase, interest in the development of non-traditional water resources such as desalination and water reuse increases. Reverse osmosis (RO) is the predominant technology employed in inland brackish groundwater desalination in the United States, but the potential for membrane fouling and scaling generally limits the system recovery. The general hypothesis of this research is that electrodialysis (ED) technology can be employed to minimize the volume of concentrate waste from RO treatment of brackish water (BW) and thereby improve the environmental and economic feasibility of inland brackish water desalination. The objective of this research was to investigate the performance sensitivity and limitations of ED for treating BWRO concentrate waste through careful experimental and mathematical analysis of selected electrical, hydraulic, and chemical ED variables. Experimental evaluation was performed using a laboratory-scale batch-recycle ED system in which the effects of electrical, hydraulic, and chemical variations were observed. The ED stack voltage showed the greatest control over the rate of ionic separation, and the specific energy invested in the separation was approximately proportional to the applied voltage and equivalent concentration separated. An increase in the superficial velocity showed marginal improvements in the rate of separation by decreasing the thickness of the membrane diffusion boundary layers. A small decrease in the nominal recovery was observed because of water transport by osmosis and electroosmosis. Successive concentration of the concentrate by multiple ED stages demonstrated that the recovery of BWRO concentrate could significantly improve the overall recovery of inland BWRO systems. A mathematical model for the steady-state performance of an ED stack was developed to simulate the treatment of BWRO concentrates by accounting for variation of supersaturated multicomponent solution properties. A time-dependent model was developed that incorporated the steady-state ED model to simulate the batch-recycle experimentation. Comparison of the electrical losses revealed that the electrical resistance of the ion exchange membranes becomes more significant with increasing solution salinity. Also, a simple economic model demonstrated that ED could feasibly be employed, especially for zero-liquid discharge.
Author: American Water Works Association Publisher: American Water Works Association ISBN: 0898677688 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 63
Book Description
This manual provides information on electrodialysis and electrodialysis reversal technologies in water treatment. This clearly written manual explains principles of operation, applications for water treatment, equipment, system design, costs, pretreatment and posttreatment, installation, operation, maintenance, and disposal of concentrate.
Book Description
The goal of this research is to design affordable photovoltaic-powered electrodialysis reversal systems capable of desalinating brackish water in remote locations of developing countries, and thereby increase the availability of freshwater in water-stressed areas such as rural India. At the village scale, electrodialysis technology for brackish groundwater desalination has the potential to substantially reduce water wastage and energy consumption compared to on-grid reverse osmosis (RO) plants currently commercialized. Moreover, PV-powered systems can supply water in off-grid locations where on-grid systems cannot be installed, at no environmental cost. However, the levelized cost of water achieved by state-of-the-art PV-EDR systems is still prohibitively high for cost-constrained communities, due to the large battery capacity required to reshape the solar power profile and accommodate the inflexible power profile of the desalination load in constant operation. To reduce water cost, a novel, flexible operational strategy for PV-EDR systems is presented and experimentally validated on a full-scale pilot. By actively controlling voltage and flow rate with a dedicated hardware and software architecture, the ED power consumption is matched to the available solar power at any time. The experimental fraction of solar energy directly used reached 76%, which is 91% higher than in the constant operation case, where the PV-EDR system runs at constant voltage and flow rate. As a result, the experimental system dynamically adapted its desalination rate to the solar irradiance profile, producing freshwater in synchronization with the sun while reducing the need for batteries by 92% on average compared to the conventional operation. Because desalination efficiency decreases as a function of operating power, it is suggested that a small battery capacity would allow reshaping the direct solar power profile into a more suitable profile for water production. If optimally managed, a 3 kWh battery addition on the experimental setup is predicted to increase water production by 25%. A machine-learning-based algorithm was designed to predict the optimal battery management strategy online and is demonstrated in simulation to achieve over 99% of the ideal water production. Shifting from constant to flexible operation is expected to reduce the levelized cost of water by 22% compared to current state-of-the-art PV-EDR systems. This number was obtained by optimizing the flexible PV-EDR system design to minimize levelized cost of water (LCOW) while answering daily demand for one year for a case study village location in Chelluru, India. Most importantly, the optimal flexible PV-EDR system is shown to be cost-competitive with current on-grid community-scale RO desalination solutions in India. Cost projections for ED membrane and brine disposal show that in the future, PV-EDR could produce water at 60% of the cost of water produced with on-grid RO.
Author: Eric M.V. Hoek Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3031795083 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 194
Book Description
Over the past half century, reverse osmosis (RO) has grown from a nascent niche technology into the most versatile and effective desalination and advanced water treatment technology available. However, there remain certain challenges for improving the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of RO desalination plants in various applications. In low-pressure RO applications, both capital (CAPEX) and operating (OPEX) costs are largely influenced by product water recovery, which is typically limited by mineral scale formation. In seawater applications, recovery tends to be limited by the salinity limits on brine discharge and cost is dominated by energy demand. The combination of water scarcity and sustainability imperatives, in many locations, is driving system designs towards minimal and zero liquid discharge (M/ZLD) for inland brackish water, municipal and industrial wastewaters, and even seawater desalination. Herein, we review the basic principles of RO processes, the state-of-the-art for RO membranes, modules and system designs as well as methods for concentrating and treating brines to achieve MLD/ZLD, resource recovery and renewable energy powered desalination systems. Throughout, we provide examples of installations employing conventional and some novel approaches towards high recovery RO in a range of applications from brackish groundwater desalination to oil and gas produced water treatment and seawater desalination.
Author: Committee on Advancing Desalination Technology Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 030913434X Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 312
Book Description
There has been an exponential increase in desalination capacity both globally and nationally since 1960, fueled in part by growing concern for local water scarcity and made possible to a great extent by a major federal investment for desalination research and development. Traditional sources of supply are increasingly expensive, unavailable, or controversial, but desalination technology offers the potential to substantially reduce water scarcity by converting the almost inexhaustible supply of seawater and the apparently vast quantities of brackish groundwater into new sources of freshwater. Desalination assesses the state of the art in relevant desalination technologies, and factors such as cost and implementation challenges. It also describes reasonable long-term goals for advancing desalination technology, posits recommendations for action and research, estimates the funding necessary to support the proposed research agenda, and identifies appropriate roles for governmental and nongovernmental entities.
Author: AWWA Staff Publisher: American Water Works Association ISBN: 1613001673 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 62
Book Description
This manual provides information on electrodialysis and electrodialysis reversal technologies in water treatment. This clearly written manual explains principles of operation, applications for water treatment, equipment, system design, costs, pretreatment and posttreatment, installation, operation, maintenance, and disposal of concentrate.
Author: Masoume Jaberi
Author: Masoume Jaberi
Author: Connor Patrick Hanrahan
Author: William Shane Walker
Author: E. P. Collier
Author: American Water Works Association
Author: Anne-Claire Le Hénaff
Author: Eric M.V. Hoek
Author: G. J. C. Juby
Author: Committee on Advancing Desalination Technology
Author: AWWA Staff