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Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory funded a Natural Gas Infrastructure Reliability program directed at increasing and enhancing research and development activities in topics such as remote leak detection, pipe inspection, and repair technologies and materials. The Albany Research Center (ARC), U.S. Department of Energy was funded to study the use of electrochemical noise sensors for detection of localized and general corrosion of natural gas transmission pipelines. As part of this, ARC entered into a collaborative effort with the corrosion sensor industry to demonstrate the capabilities of commercially available remote corrosion sensors for use with the Nation's Gas Transmission Pipeline Infrastructure needs. The goal of the research was to develop an emerging corrosion sensor technology into a monitor for the type and degree of corrosion occurring at key locations in gas transmission pipelines.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory funded a Natural Gas Infrastructure Reliability program directed at increasing and enhancing research and development activities in topics such as remote leak detection, pipe inspection, and repair technologies and materials. The Albany Research Center (ARC), U.S. Department of Energy was funded to study the use of electrochemical noise sensors for detection of localized and general corrosion of natural gas transmission pipelines. As part of this, ARC entered into a collaborative effort with the corrosion sensor industry to demonstrate the capabilities of commercially available remote corrosion sensors for use with the Nation's Gas Transmission Pipeline Infrastructure needs. The goal of the research was to develop an emerging corrosion sensor technology into a monitor for the type and degree of corrosion occurring at key locations in gas transmission pipelines.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory funded a Natural Gas Infrastructure Reliability program directed at increasing and enhancing research and development activities in topics such as remote leak detection, pipe inspection, and repair technologies and materials. The Albany Research Center (ARC), U.S. Department of Energy was funded to study the use of electrochemical noise sensors for detection of localized and general corrosion of natural gas transmission pipelines. As part of this, ARC entered into a collaborative effort with the corrosion sensor industry to demonstrate the capabilities of commercially available remote corrosion sensors for use with the Nation's Gas Transmission Pipeline Infrastructure needs. The goal of the research was to develop an emerging corrosion sensor technology into a monitor for the type and degree of corrosion occurring at key locations in gas transmission pipelines.
Author: J. H. Russell Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Gas transmission pipelines are susceptible to both internal (gas side) and external (soil side) corrosion attack. Internal corrosion is caused by the presence of salt laden moisture, CO{sub 2}, H{sub 2}S, and perhaps O{sub 2} in the natural gas. Internal corrosion usually manifests itself as general corrosion. However, the presence of chlorides in entrained water also can lead to pitting corrosion damage. The electrochemical noise technique can differentiate general from localized corrosion and provide estimates of corrosion rates without external perturbation of the corroding system. It is increasingly being applied to field and industrial installations for in situ corrosion monitoring. It has been used here to determine its suitability for monitoring internal and external corrosion damage on gas transmission pipelines. Corrosion measurements were made in three types of environments: (1) aqueous solutions typical of those found within gas pipelines in equilibrium with th e corrosive components of natural gas; (2) biologically-active soils typical of wetlands; and (3) a simulated, unpressurized, internal gas/liquid gas pipeline environment. Multiple sensor designs were evaluated in the simulated pipe environment. Gravimetric measurements were conducted in parallel with the electrochemical noise measurements to validate the results.
Author: Dr Benjamin Valdez Salas PhD Publisher: Partridge Publishing Singapore ISBN: 1543772951 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 281
Book Description
This book provides an overview of causes, types of corrosion and inhibitors to combat corrosion. The corrosion journals in this book provide broad international coverage of research and practice in corrosion processes and corrosion control. Peer-reviewed contributions address all aspects of corrosion engineering and corrosion science; there is strong emphasis on effective design and materials selection to combat corrosion and the journal carries failure case studies to further knowledge in these areas.
Author: Timothy Duffy Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
A novel membrane-based electrochemical sensor (MEBS) was designed and developed for detecting corrosion risk factors in natural gas pipelines, namely water content and corrosion rate of the pipeline material. This technology surpasses the limitations of traditional electrochemical corrosion sensors due to its use of an ion-conductive membrane, which allows electrochemical measurements in environments where a conductive phase would otherwise be absent. A planar, 4-electrode conductivity probe was developed to monitor the water content and to detect the onset of an aqueous phase in humidified gas streams via changes to a Nafion 117 membrane's resistance. The resistance of the membrane via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy varied from 66 k[omega] to 1 k[omega] for relative humidities between 5 to 55%, and dropped to 100 [omega] when submerged in an aqueous phase. Interpreted conductivity values for the Nafion 117 membrane agreed very well with published data for the humidified environments. Finite element analysis revealed that a condensed phase collecting on the membrane's surface may vary the cell constant for conductivity interpretation. Despite this, the very large changes in resistance measurements due to increasing water content is a clear warning for natural gas pipeline operators of the emerging internal corrosion risk inside the pipe. The MBES was further developed to monitor the corrosion rate of a representative pipeline sample (X65) in both dry and wet environments through linear polarization resistance measurements. Finite element analysis verified that this sensor's planar-based design would not impact the corrosion data analysis. Measurements in dry environments (5 to 55% humidity) were all very low (less than 0.25 [mu]m y-1), and dramatically increased (0.4 mm y-1) when submerged in a corrosive, wet environment, as expected for these environments. The sensor also showed that H2S increased the measured corrosion rates for the humidified environments, and field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed sulfur product layers on the X65 steel surface. The MBESs performance was validated through field testing at a multiphase flow loop facility (natural gas and liquid water.) Corrosion rate measurements were generally higher for sensors installed at the bottom of the pipe than at the top. Due to wetting from the high velocity flow regime, all sensors showed similar corrosion rates (~0.1-1 mm y-1) after the flow velocity was increased to 18.3 m/s. Sudden changes to resistance measurements were observed once water was introduced, and resistance measurements at the top of the pipe were very similar to the bottom of the pipe. A novel reference electrode design, to be incorporated into the MBES for measuring other corrosion risk factors (i.e., corrosion potential and localized corrosion phenomena), was developed. By using long, serpentine diffusion channels (50 to 75 cm), these RE designs lasted for over 150 days and showed higher stability than a larger commercial reference. A quadratic dependence between the diffusion channel length and the RE lifetime was mathematically predicted and experimentally validated using RE's housed in glass tubes of varying lengths. Changing the diffusion coefficient of the filling solution (e.g., by using ceramic instead of a gel) was predicted to have a much smaller impact on the RE lifetime.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
There are a number of different techniques capable of being used to measure corrosion within equipment. The most simple, the use of metal coupons, usually causes the process to be shut down, is manpower intensive, and has a time delay in getting the required corrosion information. Electrical Resistance (ER) techniques are often used but their response is very sensitive to temperature and they cannot differentiate between general and localized corrosion. Electrochemical techniques, such as linear polarization resistance (LPR), electrochemical noise (EN), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), harmonic distortion analysis (HDA), and electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM), have the capability of solving most of those drawbacks. Electrochemical probes can be mounted permanently in most equipment, give regular measurements of the intensity of corrosion, and some can detect localized corrosion. Of all of the electrochemical techniques, EN has the most potential for being used successfully to measure general and localized corrosion rates of equipment. The EN technique was studied in the late 1970s and early 80s as a means of detecting localized (stochastic) corrosion phenomena, such as occurs with pitting, crevice and cavitation attack. EN measurements are based on fluctuations in electrochemical potential and corrosion current that occur during corrosion. Electrochemical potential is related to the driving force (thermodynamics) of the reaction, while corrosion current is related to the rate of reaction (kinetics) of the reaction. The idea is that random electrochemical events on the surface of a corroding metal will generate noise in the overall potential and current signals. Each type of corrosion (for example general corrosion, pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking) will have a characteristic "fingerprint" or "signature" in the signal noise. This "fingerprint" can be used to predict the type and severity of corrosion that is occurring. By comparison, conventional electrochemical techniques such as LPR, EIS, HDA and EFM rely on a steady-state analogy for the determination of general corrosion rates. Early studies were carried out using potential EN measurements, using time domain, statistical and frequency domain analyses to characterise the electrochemical response of systems undergoing localised corrosion. Current EN measurements followed quickly using zero resistance ammetry to study the current noise between two identical electrodes. For general corrosion processes, EN has been demonstrated independently by several workers to provide information similar to LPR. Noise technology has been used to study systems undergoing very low to very high rates of corrosion, for example, coatings performance, passive systems undergoing pit initiation/propagation, condensing systems, systems undergoing stress corrosion cracking, and general corrosion through to the very high corrosion rates experienced during chemical cleaning processes. This review will describe: state of the art methods and probes used to measure EN, data acquisition requirements, theory to analyze the signal and to relate the signal to corrosion rates and types, the results of EN field trials, and laboratory results in environments similar to gaspipelines.
Author: Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 1845694058 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 711
Book Description
Corrosion monitoring techniques play a key role in efforts to combat corrosion, which can have major economic and safety implications. This important book starts with a review of corrosion fundamentals and provides a four-part comprehensive analysis of a wide range of methods for corrosion monitoring, including practical applications and case studies. The first part of the book reviews electrochemical techniques for corrosion monitoring, such as polarization techniques, potentiometric methods, electrochemical noise and harmonic analyses, galvanic sensors, differential flow through cells and multielectrode systems. A second group of chapters analyses the physical or chemical methods of corrosion monitoring. These include gravimetric, radioactive tracer, hydrogen permeation, electrical resistance and rotating cage techniques. Part II also includes a chapter on the innovative nondestructive evaluation technologies that can be used to monitor corrosion. Part III examines corrosion monitoring in special environments such as microbial systems, concrete and soil, and remote monitoring and model predictions. A final group of chapters includes various case studies covering ways in which corrosion monitoring can be applied to engine exhaust systems, cooling water systems, pipelines, equipment in chemical plants, and other real world systems. With its distinguished editor and international team of contributors, Techniques for corrosion monitoring is a valuable reference guide for engineers and scientific and technical personnel who deal with corrosion in such areas as automotive engineering, power generation, water suppliers and the petrochemical industry. Provides a comprehensive analysis of the range of techniques for corrosion monitoring Specific case studies are included to highlight the main issues A valuable reference guide for engineers, scientific and technical personnel who deal with corrosion
Author: Mark Orazem Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0857099264 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 343
Book Description
Underground pipelines transporting liquid petroleum products and natural gas are critical components of civil infrastructure, making corrosion prevention an essential part of asset-protection strategy. Underground Pipeline Corrosion provides a basic understanding of the problems associated with corrosion detection and mitigation, and of the state of the art in corrosion prevention. The topics covered in part one include: basic principles for corrosion in underground pipelines, AC-induced corrosion of underground pipelines, significance of corrosion in onshore oil and gas pipelines, numerical simulations for cathodic protection of pipelines, and use of corrosion inhibitors in managing corrosion in underground pipelines. The methods described in part two for detecting corrosion in underground pipelines include: magnetic flux leakage, close interval potential surveys (CIS/CIPS), Pearson surveys, in-line inspection, and use of both electrochemical and optical probes. While the emphasis is on pipelines transporting fossil fuels, the concepts apply as well to metallic pipes for delivery of water and other liquids. Underground Pipeline Corrosion is a comprehensive resource for corrosion, materials, chemical, petroleum, and civil engineers constructing or managing both onshore and offshore pipeline assets; professionals in steel and coating companies; and academic researchers and professors with an interest in corrosion and pipeline engineering. Reviews the causes and considers the detection and prevention of corrosion to underground pipes Addresses a lack of current, readily available information on the subject Case studies demonstrate how corrosion is managed in the underground pipeline industry
Author: Horst Czichos Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3642166415 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 1244
Book Description
This Springer Handbook of Metrology and Testing presents the principles of Metrology – the science of measurement – and the methods and techniques of Testing – determining the characteristics of a given product – as they apply to chemical and microstructural analysis, and to the measurement and testing of materials properties and performance, including modelling and simulation. The principal motivation for this Handbook stems from the increasing demands of technology for measurement results that can be used globally. Measurements within a local laboratory or manufacturing facility must be able to be reproduced accurately anywhere in the world. The book integrates knowledge from basic sciences and engineering disciplines, compiled by experts from internationally known metrology and testing institutions, and academe, as well as from industry, and conformity-assessment and accreditation bodies. The Commission of the European Union has expressed this as there is no science without measurements, no quality without testing, and no global markets without standards.
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Author: J. H. Russell
Author: Dr Benjamin Valdez Salas PhD
Author: Timothy Duffy
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Author: Mark Orazem
Author: Horst Czichos