Electro-optical Investigations of Chiral Tilted Smectic Liquid Crystals PDF Download

Author: Vitaly Petrovich Panov
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Author: Lev M. Blinov
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9048188296
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 448

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This book by Lev M. Blinov is ideal to guide researchers from their very first encounter with liquid crystals to the level where they can perform independent experiments on liquid crystals with a thorough understanding of their behaviour also in relation to the theoretical framework. Liquid crystals can be found everywhere around us. They are used in virtually every display device, whether it is for domestic appliances of for specialized technological instruments. Their finely tunable optical properties make them suitable also for thermo-sensing and laser technologies. There are many monographs written by prominent scholars on the subject of liquid crystals. The majority of them presents the subject in great depth, sometimes focusing on a particular research aspect, and in general they require a significant level of prior knowledge. In contrast, this books aims at an audience of advanced undergraduate and graduate students in physics, chemistry and materials science. The book consists of three parts: the first part, on structure, starts from the fundamental principles underlying the structure of liquid crystals, their rich phase behaviour and the methods used to study them; the second part, on physical properties, emphasizes the influence of anisotropy on all aspects of liquid crystals behaviour; the third, focuses on electro-optics, the most important properties from the applications standpoint. This part covers only the main effects and illustrates the underlying principles in greater detail. Professor Lev M. Blinov has had a long carrier as an experimentalist. He made major contributions in the field of ferroelectric mesophases. In 1985 he received the USSR state prize for investigations of electro-optical effects in liquid crystals for spatial light modulators. In 1999 he was awarded the Frederiks medal of the Soviet Liquid Crystal Society and in 2000 he was honoured with the G. Gray silver medal of the British Liquid Crystal Society. He has held many visiting academic positions in universities and laboratories across Europe and in Japan.

Author: Jennifer Kirchhoff
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 157

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ABSTRACT: Liquid crystal phases exhibit physical characteristics that lie between those of liquid and crystal phases. The many liquid crystal sub-phases are defined based on the degree of positional and orientational ordering the molecules have and the materials that make up these liquid crystal phases. This thesis presents a study of the molecular packing and physical properties of complex liquid crystal phases using dopants to better examine the stability and packing mechanisms of these phases. It also looks at the dispersion of quantum dots in liquid crystal materials, examining the electro-optical properties of the mixtures. The main goal of this thesis is to examine the effects of dopants on the properties of liquid crystal phases using optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, electro-optical measurements, and X-ray scattering. For those mixtures with quantum dots fluorescence microscopy and photoluminescence measurements were also conducted. Rod-like liquid crystals are commonly used in display applications when the material is in a nematic liquid crystal phase, which is the least ordered phase exhibiting no positional ordering. The more complicated chiral smectic liquid crystal phases, which have a one dimensional layer structure, show potential for faster and tri-stable switching. A chiral rod-like liquid crystal material is doped with both chiral and achiral rod-like liquid crystals to examine the stability of one of the chiral smectic sub-phase, the SmC*FI1 phase. This phase consists of tilted molecules rotating about the cone defined by the tilt angle with a periodicity of three layers and an overall helical structure.

Author: Zbigniew Galewski
Publisher:
ISBN: 9788178952888
Category : Liquid crystals
Languages : en
Pages : 283

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Introduction - This book, consisting of 10 chapters, should be treated as a complement that brings the reader up to date with the latest contributions to the rich literature on liquid crystals. A prominent place in this literature is occupied by the dielectric properties which are important in estimation of usefulness of these materials and in understanding the molecular processes determining various mesophases. In the field of dielectrics in general, and in connection with the structure and phase transitions the entries in references [1-14] can be recommended. With respect to general aspects of liquid-crystalline properties and molecular dynamics one can point out the references [15-36]. Most of them contain as well chapters on dielectric properties. In addition there is a number of books and monographs related strictly to the dielectric properties of liquid crystals, in particular references [37-45]. For the readers less familiar with this topic and interested in the basic knowledge of dielectric aspects of liquid crystals one can suggest the reviews [46-48]. Basic difference between properties of isotropic liquid and liquid crystal lies in the existence in the latter case of at least one degree of order. The ordering can be also considered with respect to a crystalline phase. Thus introducing at least one degree of disorder (rotational or translational) causes the occurrence of a mesophase which, however, is not identical with the liquid-crystalline phase. If the mesophase is to be liquid-crystalline, it should possess at least one translational degree of disorder. The disorder connected with further degrees of freedom leads to rich polymorphism. The most characteristic feature of liquid-crystalline phases is a precisely defined degree of disorder of molecules building these phases and their anisotropy which is exhibited in molecular structure and all measurable physical parameters such as polarizability. This is the reason why such phases are also called anisotropic liquids. The insertion into the molecules that form mesophases of fragments either chiral or influencing antagonistically already present fragments (e.g. by replacing one alkyl group by perfluorinated chain) leads to additional interactions which compete with interactions responsible for the stability of liquid-crystalline phases. This causes the frustration phenomena, i.e. the mutual overlapping of interactions frequently responsible for opposite effects. These induced phenomena conduce to unexpected structures (banana-type or columnar-type mesophases) and properties such as helicity, ferroelectricity or antiferroelectricity. Of particular interest seem to be ferroelectric liquid crystals (chiral tilted smectics such as SmC*, SmI* and others) showing collective modes: tilt fluctuations (soft modes) and phase fluctuations (Goldstone mode). Unusual progress observed in the last half-century has occurred due to use of some additional interacting fragments and structural details. Liquid crystalline polymers and metalomesogens present rapidly growing branches of knowledge of liquid crystal. Ferromagnetism and superconductivity of liquid crystals still pose a challenge. In this monograph we present different aspects of dielectric properties of mesogens. Chapter 1 presented by Otowski is dedicated to general problems of the molecular dipole s motion in electric field. Based on the broadband dielectric studies results of a few liquid-crystalline substances, their dielectric behavior is discussed by means of Nordio-Rigatti-Segre theory. The pretransitional anomalies observed in isotropic phase close to the phase transitions by means of dielectric measurements are described by Drozd-Rzoska, Rzoska and Janik in Chapter 2. An extended part of this book is devoted to chiral liquid crystals, the importance of which for applications and expectations for them are continuously increasing. The principles of the dielectric behavior of chiral liquid-crystalline compounds based on general considerations applying for other dipolar systems as well is presented by Hoffmann in Chapter 3. In general considerations based on the example of 12 selected substances showing extremely rich polymorphism Marzec, Mikulko, Wróbel and Haase analyze impressive behaviors of collective modes (Chapter 4). The problem of non-linear dielectric effects constitutes an important part of this book. A general introduction to the non-linear dielectric spectroscopy is contained in Chapter 5 elaborated by Kedziora, who concentrates himself on the isotropic phase, solutions and precritical phenomena. The problem of molecular properties of smectic materials and relaxation in ferroelectric liquid crystals with particular attention paid to electrooptic phenomena are discussed by Kuczynski in Chapter 6. Advantages of electrooptic methods applied to chiral tilted smectic liquid crystals with either ferroelectric or antiferroelectric dipole order are known. However, less popular problem of so called organic glass formers presented by Massalska-Arodz, Sciesinska, Sciesinski, Krawczyk, Inoba and Zielinski in Chapter 7 deserved attentions. Properties of these materials are discussed by using the results of complementary methods such as INS, QENS, adiabatic calorimetry and far-infrared spectra. Chapter 8, presented by Rózanski, is devoted to the dielectric properties of liquid crystals confined in porous matrices or dispersed throughout solid matrices. Such systems seem to be fascinating not only from the point of view of surface interactions but also due to attractive properties of dispersed systems in nanoscale. Of great value is also Chapter 9 by Kocot, Merkel, Sufin, Vij and Mehl describing dendrimeric liquid crystals built of molecules containing siloxane or carbosilazane cores. The problems of dynamics and ordering are discussed in terms of IR and dielectric spectroscopy results. Chapter 10, written by Urban, is committed to the relaxation processes in calamitic liquid crystals with emphasis on pressure and temperature effects. Finally let us direct readers attention to general references relating to the new liquid crystalline compounds [49] and IUPAC classification of these systems [50]. 1. Boettcher C. J. F., van Belle O.C., Bordewijk P. and Rip A., 1973, Theory of Electric Polarization, Vol.I: Dielectrics in Static Fields, 2nd revised edition, Elsevier Science Ltd, Amsterdam. 2. Boettcher C.J.F. and Bordewijk, 1978, Theory of Electric Polarization, Vol.II. Dielectrics in Time-dependent Fields, 2nd revised edition, Elsevier Science Ltd, Amsterdam. 3. Hill N., Vaughan W.E., Price A.H. and Davies M., 1969, Dielectric Properties and Molecular Behaviour, van Nostrand, London. 4. Froehlich H., 1958, Theory of Dielectrics, Oxford University Press, London. 5. von Hippel A.R., 1995, Dielectric Materials and Applications, Artech House Publishers. 6. Davies M., 1965, Some Electrical and Optical Aspects of Molecular Behaviour, Pergamon Press, Oxford. 7. Scaife B.K.P., 1998, Principle of Dielectrics, Revised edition, Oxford University Press, Clarendon, Oxford. 8. Riande E. and Diaz-Calleja R., 2004, Electrical Properties of Polymers, Marcel Dekker, NY. 9. Jonscher A.K., 1996, Universal Relaxation Law, Chelsea Dielectric Press Ltd, London. 10. Grigas J., 1996, Microwave Dielectric Spectroscopy of Ferroelectrics and Related Materials, Series: Ferroelectricity and Related Phenomena, Volume 9, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Philadelphia. 11. Runt J.P. and Fitzgerald J.J.(Eds.), 1997, Dielectric Spectroscopy of Polymeric Materials, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. 12. Havriliak S. and Havriliak S.J., 1996, Dielectric and Mechanical Relaxation in Materials, Hanser Verlag, München. 13. Gaiduk V.I. and McConnel J.R., 1999, Dielectric Relaxation and Dynamics of Polar Molecules, World Scientific Pub. Co.Inc., Singapore. 14. Kremer F. and Schönhals A. (Eds) 2002, Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy, Springer, NY. 15. Demus D., Goodby J., Gray G.W., Spiess H.W. and Vill V. (Eds.), 1998, Handbook of Liquid Crystals, 4-Volume Set, Wiley-VCH, Veinheim. 16. Demus D., Goodby J., Gray G.W., Spiess H.W. and Vill V (Eds.), 1999, Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals, Wiley-VCH, Veinheim. 17. Stegemeyer H. (Ed.), 1994, Liquid Crystals, Steinkopff, Darmstadt and Springer, NY. 18. Buka A. (Ed.), 1993, Modern Topics in Liquid Crystals. From Neutron Scattering to Ferroelectricity, World Scientific, Singapore. 19. Dierking I., 2003. Texture of Liquid Crystals, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. 20. Luckhurst G.R. and Gray G.W. (Eds.), 1979, The Molecular Physics of Liquid Crystals, Academic Press, London. 21. de Gennes P.G. and Prost J., 1993, The Physics of Liquid Crystals, 2nd edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford. 22. Gray G.W. and Goodby J.W., 1984, Smectic Liquid Crystals. Textures and Structures, Leonard Hill, Glasgow. 23. Martellucci S. and Chester A.N. (Eds.), 1992, Phase Transitions in Liquid Crystals, NATO ASI Series, Vol.B290, Plenum Press, NY. 24. Luckhurst G.R. and Veracini C.A. (Eds.), 1994. The Molecular Dynamics of Liquid Crystals, NATO ASI Series, Vol.C431, Kluwer, Dordrecht. 25. Priestley E.B., Wojtowicz P.J. and Sheng P. (Eds.), 1975, Introduction to Liquid Crystals, Plenum Press, NY. 26. Lagerwall S.T., 1999, Ferroelectric and Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystals, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. 27. Baus M., Rull L.F. and Ryckaert J.P. (Eds.), 1995, Observation, Prediction and Simulation of Phase Traansitions in Complex Fluids, Kluwer, Dordrecht. 28. Anisimov M.A., 1991, Critical Phenomena in Liquids and Liquid Crystals, Gordon & Breach, Philadelphia 29. Vertogen G. and de Jeu W.H., 1986, Thermotropic Liquid Crystals, Fundamentals, Springer, Berlin 30. de Jeu W.H., 1980, Physical Properties of Liquid Crystalline Materials, Gordon & Breach, NY 31. Helfrich W. and Heppke G., (Eds.), 1980, Liquid Crystals of One and Two Dimensional Order, Springer, Berlin. 32. Goodby J.W., Blinc R., Clark N.A., Lagerwall S.T., Osipov M.A., Pikin S.A., Sakurai T., Yoshino K. and }eka B., 1991, Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals. Principles, Properties and Applications, Series: Ferroelectricity and Related Phenomena, Volume 7. Gordon and Breach, Philadelphia. 33. Pikin S.A., 1991, Structural Transformations in Liquid Crystals, Gordon and Breach, NY. 34. Haberlandt R., Michel D., Poppel A. and Stannarius R., 2005, Molecules in interaction with surfaces and interfaces, Springer NY. 35. Crawford G.P. and }umer S., (Eds), Liquid Crystals in Complex Geometries, 1996, Taylor & Francis, London. 36. Muaevic I., Blinc R. and }eka B., 2000, The Physics of Ferroelectric and Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystals, World Scientific, Singapore. 37. Haase W. and Wróbel S. (Eds.), 2003, Relaxation Phenomena. Liquid Crystals, Magnetic Systems, Polymers, High-TC Superconductors, Metallic Glasses., Springer, NY. 38. Kresse H., 1983, in: Advances in Liquid Crystals, Vol.6, Brown G.H. (ed.), Academic Press, NY. 39. Coffey W.T. and Kalmykov Y.P. 2000, Adv.Chem.Phys. 111, 487. 40. de Jeu W.H., 1978, in: Solid State Physics, Supplement 14. Liebert L. (ed.), Academic Press. 41. Rzoska S.J. and Zhelezny V.P., (Eds), 2004, Nonlinear Dielectric Phenomena in Complex Liquids, Kluwer, Dordrecht. 42. Urban S. and Wuerflinger A., 1979, Adv.Chem.Phys., 98, 143. 43. Kresse H., 1982, Fortschrifte der Physik, 80, 507. 44. Urban S., 2001, in: Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals: Nematics, Dunmur D., Fukuda A. and Luckhurst G. (Eds.), Inspec, London, p.267. 45. Blinov L.M. and Chigrinov V.G., 1994, Electrooptic Effects in Liquid Crystal Materials, Springer, NY. 46. Meier G. and Saupe A., 1966, in: Liquid Crystals, Brown G.H., Dines G.J. and Labes M.M. (Eds.), Gordon and Breach, Philadelphia. 47. Kresse H., 1998, in: Handbook of Liquid Crystals, Demus D., Goodby J., Gray G.W., Spiess H.W. and Vill V. (Eds.), Vol.2, Wiley-VCH, Veinheim. 48. Dunmur D and Toriyama K., 1998, in: Handbook of Liquid Crystals, Demus D., Goodby J., Gray G.W., Spiess H.W. and Vill V. (Eds.), Vol. 1, Wiley-VCH, Veinheim. 49. Vill V., 2006, LiqCryst 4.6. Data Base, Fujitsu. 50. Byron M. et al. 2001, Pure Appl.Chem., 73, 845.

Author: Xifeng Han
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 190

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Author: L.M. Blinov
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1461226929
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 477

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Electrooptic effects provide the basis for much liquid-crystal display technology. This book, by two of the leaders in liquid-crystal research in Russia, presents a complete and accessible treatment of virtually all known phenomena occurring in liquid crystals under the influence of electric fields.

Author: Gunnar Andersson
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789170326981
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 74

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Author: Johanna. R Bruckner
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319272039
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 130

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In this thesis Johanna Bruckner reports the discovery of the lyotropic counterpart of the thermotropic SmC* phase, which has become famous as the only spontaneously polarized, ferroelectric fluid in nature. By means of polarizing optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction and electro-optic experiments she firmly establishes aspects of the structure of the novel lyotropic liquid crystalline phase and elucidates its fascinating properties, among them a pronounced polar electro-optic effect, analogous to the ferroelectric switching of its thermotropic counterpart. The helical ground state of the mesophase raises the fundamental question of how chiral interactions are "communicated" across layers of more or less disordered and achiral solvent molecules which are located between adjacent bi-layers of the chiral amphiphile molecules. This thesis bridges an important gap between thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals and pioneers a new field of liquid crystal research.

Author: Ingo Dierking
Publisher: MDPI
ISBN: 3039433423
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 252

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Liquid crystals (LCs) were discovered more than a century ago, and were, for a long time, treated as a physical curiosity, until the development of flat panel screens and display devices caused a revolution in the information display industry, and in fact in society. There would be no mobile phones without liquid crystals, no flat screen TVs or computer monitors, no virtual reality, just to name a few of the applications that have changed our whole world of vision and perception. All of these inventions are based on liquid crystals that are formed through a change in temperature, thermotropic LCs. However, there is another form of liquid crystals, described even earlier, yet much less talked about; the lyotropic liquid crystals that occur through the change of concentration of some molecules in a solvent. These are found in abundance in nature, making up the cell membranes, and are used extensively in the food, detergents and cosmetics industries. In this collection of articles by experts in their respective research areas, we bring together some of the most recent and innovative aspects of lyotropic liquid crystals, which we believe will drive future research and set novel trends in this field.

Author: Sivashankar Krishnamoorthy
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031427009
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 391

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