Author: International Atomic Energy Agency Publisher: IAEA Nuclear Energy ISBN: 9789201261106 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 78
Book Description
This publication describes the characteristics of the electrical grid system that are required for the connection and successful operation of a nuclear power plant, as well as the characteristics of a nuclear power plant that are significant for the design and operation of the electrical grid system. It addresses the issues to be considered when a nuclear power plant is being planned and describes the information exchange necessary between the developer of a nuclear power plant and the organization responsible for the electrical grid. The particular issue of a large nuclear unit connected with a small system is also discussed. A new topic introduced in this publication is the need for cyber security of the grid system near the nuclear power plant. Several case studies of Member States experience in developing new nuclear units and about grid events during operation are included.
Author: Sherrell R. Greene Publisher: ISBN: Category : Electric power failures Languages : en Pages : 247
Book Description
Life as we know it in modern society relies on the smooth functioning of the electric Grid - the Critical Infrastructure system that generates and delivers electricity to our homes, businesses, and factories. Virtually all other Critical Infrastructure systems depend on the Grid for the electricity they require to execute other essential societal functions such as telecommunications, water supply and waste water services, fuel delivery, etc. This study examines the concepts of Critical Infrastructure and electric Grid resilience, and the role nuclear power plants do and might play in enhancing U.S. Grid resilience. Grid resilience is defined as the system's ability to minimize interruptions of electricity flow to customers given a specific load prioritization hierarchy. The question of whether current U.S. nuclear power plants are significant Grid resilience assets is examined in light of this definition. Despite their many virtues and their "fuel security," the conclusion is reached that current U.S. nuclear power plants are not significant Grid resilience assets for scenarios involving major Grid disruptions. The concept of a "resilient nuclear power plant" or "rNPP" - a nuclear power plant that is intentionally designed, sited, interfaced, and operated in a manner to enhance Grid resilience - is presented. Two rNPP Key Attributes and Six rNPP Functional Requirements are defined. Several rNPP design features (system architectures and technologies) that could enable a plant to achieve the Six rNPP Functional Requirements are described. Four specific applications of rNPPs are proposed: (1) rNPPs as flexible electricity generation assets, (2) rNPPs as anchors of hybrid nuclear energy systems, (3) rNPPs as Grid Black Start Resources, and (4) rNPPs as anchors of Resilient Critical Infrastructure Islands. The last two applications are new concepts for enhancing U.S. strategic resilience. Finally, a few key unresolved issues are discussed and recommendations for future research are offered. Study results support the overall conclusion that successful development and deployment of rNPPs could significantly enhance U.S. Grid, Critical Infrastructure, and societal resilience, while transforming the value proposition of nuclear energy in the 21st century.
Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Energy and Power Publisher: ISBN: Category : Law Languages : en Pages : 168
Author: Dr. Omar S. Mazzoni Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1119483670 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 256
Book Description
Covers all aspects of electrical systems for nuclear power plants written by an authority in the field Based on author Omar Mazzoni’s notes for a graduate level course he taught in Electrical Engineering, this book discusses all aspects of electrical systems for nuclear power plants, making reference to IEEE nuclear standards and regulatory documents. It covers such important topics as the requirements for equipment qualification, acceptance testing, periodic surveillance, and operational issues. It also provides excellent guidance for students in understanding the basis of nuclear plant electrical systems, the industry standards that are applicable, and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission’ rules for designing and operating nuclear plants. Electrical Systems for Nuclear Power Plants offers in-depth chapters covering: elements of a power system; special regulations and requirements; unique requirements of a Class 1E power system; nuclear plants containment electrical penetration assemblies; on-site emergency AC sources; on-site emergency DC sources; protective relaying; interface of the nuclear plant with the grid; station blackout (SBO) issues and regulations; review of electric power calculations; equipment aging and decommissioning; and electrical and control systems inspections. This valuable resource: Evaluates industry standards and their relationship to federal regulations Discusses Class 1E equipment, emergency generation, the single failure criterion, plant life, and plant inspection Includes exercise problems for each chapter Electrical Systems for Nuclear Power Plants is an ideal text for instructors and students in electrical power courses, as well as for engineers active in operating nuclear power plants.
Author: Samuel Caleb Johnson Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 344
Book Description
The rapid growth of electricity generation from variable renewable resources like wind and solar has greatly impacted wholesale energy markets and raised questions about future grid stability. With this paradigm shift, some existing coal, natural gas, and nuclear generators have encountered financial struggles, which has led to widespread retirements and tight capacity margins in some regions. Although this change could lead to reduced carbon emissions, synchronous generators provide some important reliability benefits to the grid that other technologies cannot easily replace. To assess the impact of an energy transition away from synchronous generation (e.g. fossil fuel fired power plants) and towards non-synchronous generation (e.g. wind and solar), future grid stability was investigated in the following three studies: (1) evaluating rotational inertia as a component of grid reliability with high penetrations of variable renewable energy, (2) determining the impact of non-synchronous generation on grid stability and identifying mitigation pathways, and (3) quantifying the regional economic and stability impacts of grid-scale energy storage. First, a method was developed to assess grid stability with increasing penetrations of non-synchronous renewable energy generation to determine when an electric grid might be more vulnerable to frequency contingencies, such as a generator outage. Unit commitment and dispatch modeling was used to quantify system inertia, an established proxy for grid stability. A case study of the Electric Reliability Council of Texas grid was used to illustrate the method. Results from the modeled scenarios showed that the Texas grid is resilient to major grid changes, even with relatively high penetrations (~30% of annual energy generation compared to 19% in 2018) of renewable energy. However, retiring nuclear power plants and private-use networks in the model led to unstable inertia levels in our results. When the system inertia was constrained to meet a minimum threshold in our model, multiple coal and natural gas combined-cycle plants were dispatched at part-load or at their minimum operating level to maintain stable system inertia levels. This behavior is expected to expand with higher renewable energy penetrations and could occur on other electric grids that are reliant on synchronous generators for inertia support. A method was also developed for assessing the impacts of stability support from inverter-connected resources. In this analysis, a fully disaggregated, inertia-constrained unit commitment and dispatch model was used to study the stability of future grid scenarios with high penetrations of non-synchronous renewable energy generation. As before, the Texas grid (the Electric Reliability Council of Texas – ERCOT) was used as a test case and instances when the system inertia fell below 100 GW·s (the grid's current minimum level) were found, starting at an annual renewable energy penetration (including both synchronous and non-synchronous renewable resources) of ~30% in our model. At an ~88% renewable energy penetration, the average system inertia level also fell to 100 GW·s. When the modeled critical inertia limit was reduced to 80 GW·s, no critical inertia hours occurred for renewable energy penetrations up to 93% of annual energy. The critical inertia limit could drop to 60 GW·s if the largest generators in ERCOT (two co-located nuclear plants) were retired, but this had the same effect as reducing the limit to 80 GW·s and keeping these generators online, since the nuclear plants contribute a large portion of the grid's system inertia. Emissions also increased by ~25% in the modeled scenarios where these nuclear plants were retired. If the critical inertia limit was kept the same (100 GW·s), adding 525 MW of fast frequency response from wind, solar, and energy storage could reduce the number of critical inertia hours by 86% with a response time of 15 cycles. Therefore, while the transition to a grid with mostly non-synchronous energy generation should be handled with care, many feasible pathways for integrating inverter-connected technologies and maintaining a stable grid exist. Building on the prior two methods, a third method was developed to evaluate the impact of energy storage systems on grid stability and system cost. While many grid-scale energy storage projects have been built and several have been announced, energy storage is costly and could negatively impact grid stability if systems are connected non-synchronously. Three different energy storage technologies with varying durations, ramp rates, and costs were modeled using a linearized dispatch model with discrete transmission zones and sub-hourly intervals (i.e. 15 minutes). Small penetrations of these technologies were modeled in a grid dominated by non-synchronous generation (51% wind and solar) to identify optimal storage zones. Transmission zones in the North, Northwest, West, Far West, and Panhandle regions were found to be the most favorable for building grid-scale storage from an economic standpoint. Next, higher energy storage penetrations were modeled to analyze the impact of storage on system inertia and the system cost. These high penetration scenarios focused primarily on storage divided across the optimal storage zones in proportion to their system cost impact. The modeling results showed that flywheels were able to maintain higher system inertia levels. Even so, the system cost was much lower when compressed air energy storage systems were modeled, demonstrating that high-duration energy storage technologies provided the most value to the grid. Energy storage was also more effective at maintaining grid stability and reducing costs than peaking plants. As a result, our model showed that new peakers might not be revenue sufficient in zones with high penetrations of renewable energy and energy storage. Many options exist for reliably integrating high penetrations of variable renewable energy generation, including an inertia market, synthetic and virtual inertia, and grid-scale storage, but few of these solutions are available today. Together, each of the analyses presented in this dissertation communicate when grid stability issues might occur and how low system inertia levels could be avoided
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309463076 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 171
Book Description
Americans' safety, productivity, comfort, and convenience depend on the reliable supply of electric power. The electric power system is a complex "cyber-physical" system composed of a network of millions of components spread out across the continent. These components are owned, operated, and regulated by thousands of different entities. Power system operators work hard to assure safe and reliable service, but large outages occasionally happen. Given the nature of the system, there is simply no way that outages can be completely avoided, no matter how much time and money is devoted to such an effort. The system's reliability and resilience can be improved but never made perfect. Thus, system owners, operators, and regulators must prioritize their investments based on potential benefits. Enhancing the Resilience of the Nation's Electricity System focuses on identifying, developing, and implementing strategies to increase the power system's resilience in the face of events that can cause large-area, long-duration outages: blackouts that extend over multiple service areas and last several days or longer. Resilience is not just about lessening the likelihood that these outages will occur. It is also about limiting the scope and impact of outages when they do occur, restoring power rapidly afterwards, and learning from these experiences to better deal with events in the future.
Author: International Atomic Energy Agency Publisher: IAEA ISBN: Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 78
Book Description
This publication contains guidance and recommendations on the requirements for ensuring the reliability of all types of emergency powers systems (EPSs) for both new and operating nuclear power plants. It is intended for the use of those involved in the design, operation, assessment and licensing of EPSs, including designers, safety assessors, regulators and operators. It revises the previous safety guide (Safety standards series no. 50-SG-D7 (Rev. 1) (ISBN 9201232918) issued in 1991.
Author: Brian D’Andrade Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0081009526 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 353
Book Description
The Power Grid: Smart, Secure, Green and Reliable offers a diverse look at the traditional engineering and physics aspects of power systems, also examining the issues affecting clean power generation, power distribution, and the new security issues that could potentially affect the availability and reliability of the grid. The book looks at growth in new loads that are consuming over 1% of all the electrical power produced, and how combining those load issues of getting power to the regions experiencing growth in energy demand can be addressed. In addition, it considers the policy issues surrounding transmission line approval by regulators. With truly multidisciplinary content, including failure analysis of various systems, photovoltaic, wind power, quality issues with clean power, high-voltage DC transmission, electromagnetic radiation, electromagnetic interference, privacy concerns, and data security, this reference is relevant to anyone interested in the broad area of power grid stability. Discusses state–of-the-art trends and issues in power grid reliability Offers guidance on purchasing or investing in new technologies Includes a technical document relevant to public policy that can help all stakeholders understand the technical issues facing a green, secure power grid
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309392349 Category : Mathematics Languages : en Pages : 162
Book Description
Electricity is the lifeblood of modern society, and for the vast majority of people that electricity is obtained from large, interconnected power grids. However, the grid that was developed in the 20th century, and the incremental improvements made since then, including its underlying analytic foundations, is no longer adequate to completely meet the needs of the 21st century. The next-generation electric grid must be more flexible and resilient. While fossil fuels will have their place for decades to come, the grid of the future will need to accommodate a wider mix of more intermittent generating sources such as wind and distributed solar photovoltaics. Achieving this grid of the future will require effort on several fronts. There is a need for continued shorter-term engineering research and development, building on the existing analytic foundations for the grid. But there is also a need for more fundamental research to expand these analytic foundations. Analytic Research Foundations for the Next-Generation Electric Grid provide guidance on the longer-term critical areas for research in mathematical and computational sciences that is needed for the next-generation grid. It offers recommendations that are designed to help direct future research as the grid evolves and to give the nation's research and development infrastructure the tools it needs to effectively develop, test, and use this research.
Author: International Atomic Energy Agency
Author: Sherrell R. Greene
Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Energy and Power
Author: Dr. Omar S. Mazzoni
Author: Samuel Caleb Johnson
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Author: International Atomic Energy Agency
Author: Brian D’Andrade
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Author: International Atomic Energy Agency