Effects of Whole-ecosystem Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration Manipulation on Abundance and Species Diversity of Arthropods in a Post-fire Chaparral Community PDF Download
Are you looking for read ebook online? Search for your book and save it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Download Effects of Whole-ecosystem Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration Manipulation on Abundance and Species Diversity of Arthropods in a Post-fire Chaparral Community PDF full book. Access full book title Effects of Whole-ecosystem Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration Manipulation on Abundance and Species Diversity of Arthropods in a Post-fire Chaparral Community by . Download full books in PDF and EPUB format.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Animal diversity Languages : en Pages : 152
Book Description
This study examined the in situ effects of elevated CO2 on arthropod abundance in a chaparral community using a series of controlled CO2, ambient Light, controlled Temperature (CO2 LT) null-balance chambers and a Free Atmosphere Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) ring. Abundance of most arthropod groups, including parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera), decreased with elevated CO2, resulting in reduced total arthropod abundance. However, abundance of moths (Lepidoptera, primarily Geometridae and Microlepidoptera) appeared to increase. The relationship of springtail (Collembola) and predatory arachnid abundance vs. CO2 concentration was curvilinear, with abundance peaking near 450-550 ppmv, and lowest at 750 ppmv. While other studies have shown that plant biomass typically increases with elevated CO2 concentrations, our results suggest that arthropod biomass may decrease. Arthropod species diversity was also measured, using the modified Coleman's rarefaction function to estimate species richness. In contrast to decreasing abundance, diversity of arthropods appeared to increase with elevated CO2, although the relationship was not significant. A separate study examined the effect of elevated CO2 and host plant density on psyllids collected from lilac shrubs. Psyllid densities increased on lilac shrubs under elevated atmospheric CO2, and there was evidence of an interaction between shrub density and CO2 effects. Results of this study suggests that ecosystem function is likely to be affected by CO2-mediated alteration of arthropod services, such as nutrient cycling and energy flow to higher trophic levels.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Animal diversity Languages : en Pages : 152
Book Description
This study examined the in situ effects of elevated CO2 on arthropod abundance in a chaparral community using a series of controlled CO2, ambient Light, controlled Temperature (CO2 LT) null-balance chambers and a Free Atmosphere Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) ring. Abundance of most arthropod groups, including parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera), decreased with elevated CO2, resulting in reduced total arthropod abundance. However, abundance of moths (Lepidoptera, primarily Geometridae and Microlepidoptera) appeared to increase. The relationship of springtail (Collembola) and predatory arachnid abundance vs. CO2 concentration was curvilinear, with abundance peaking near 450-550 ppmv, and lowest at 750 ppmv. While other studies have shown that plant biomass typically increases with elevated CO2 concentrations, our results suggest that arthropod biomass may decrease. Arthropod species diversity was also measured, using the modified Coleman's rarefaction function to estimate species richness. In contrast to decreasing abundance, diversity of arthropods appeared to increase with elevated CO2, although the relationship was not significant. A separate study examined the effect of elevated CO2 and host plant density on psyllids collected from lilac shrubs. Psyllid densities increased on lilac shrubs under elevated atmospheric CO2, and there was evidence of an interaction between shrub density and CO2 effects. Results of this study suggests that ecosystem function is likely to be affected by CO2-mediated alteration of arthropod services, such as nutrient cycling and energy flow to higher trophic levels.
Author: John J. Couture Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters ISBN: 0128055634 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 30
Book Description
Anthropogenic activities are increasing concentrations of atmospheric pollutants, especially atmospheric CO2 and tropospheric O3, that play significant roles in the functioning of forest ecosystems. Elevated levels of CO2 and O3 alter tree metabolism, growth, and chemical composition. Shift in chemical composition may, in turn, cascade through trophic levels to influence ecosystem processes important for forest functioning. As the most abundant animals in forest ecosystems, arthropods influence multiple facets of ecosystem functioning, including herbivory, predation, and nutrient cycling. In this chapter, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the effects of atmospheric change on tree foliar chemistry and address the responses by forest arthropods to atmospheric change at the individual, population, community, and ecosystem levels. We identify knowledge gaps and highlight future research directions that will further our understanding of the influence of atmospheric change on forest ecosystems in future environments.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Rising concentrations of atmospheric CO2 and O3 are altering the structure and function of forest ecosystems. Herbivorous insects are the major consumers in temperate deciduous forests, with the capacity to dramatically alter tree growth (via outbreaks), forest community composition and ecosystem dynamics (e.g., nutrient cycling). Until recently, however, experimental quantification of the impacts of CO2 and O3 on canopy herbivore communities and rates of defoliation and nutrient flux has not been addressed. This research, conducted at the Aspen FACE (Free Air CO2 Enrichment) facility in northern Wisconsin, U.S.A., evaluated the independent and interactive effects of CO2 and O3 on (1) the abundance and diversity of forest canopy insect communities, and (2) rates of insect herbivory and transfer of material (leaf greenfall and insect frass) from the canopy to the forest floor. Results of studies of individual insects revealed that elevated CO2 and O3 influence the performance of individual species of damaging insect pests, but the magnitude of impact is influenced by both insect species and their host tree species. Censuses of canopy insects showed that some species were positively affected, some negatively affected, and some not affected by elevated CO2 and O3. Moreover, overall species diversity was generally not strongly affected by CO2 and O3. In summary, the effects of CO2 and O3 on forest insects is highly variable among species and over time, and thus difficult to generalize across broad taxonomic groups. Estimates of foliar damage revealed that CO2 and O3 have pronounced effects on canopy damage by insect herbivores. Averaged over three years, foliar biomass lost to insect feeding increased 86% in high CO2 environments and decreased 12% in high O3 environments. The increases/decreases were greater for aspen than for birch, indicating that the selective pressure of insects will shift across tree species in forests of the future. Herbivore-mediated material (green leaf tissue, insect frass) transfer from the canopy to the forest floor increased 37% in elevated CO2 and decreased 21% in elevated O3. Nitrogen transfers paralleled those results: 39% increase in elevated CO2 and 19% decrease in elevated O3.
Author: Edward C. Rhodes Publisher: ISBN: Category : Big sagebrush Languages : en Pages : 258
Book Description
In the western United States, sagebrush (Artemisia spp L.) dominated rangelands are extensive, accounting for approximately 63 million ha. The Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis Beetle & Young) alliance is found in more xeric environments, occupying the largest area of the big sagebrush complex in areas within a 200-300mm precipitation zone at elevations ranging from 610-2130m. Wyoming big sagebrush communities provide habitat for nearly 100 bird and 70 mammal species throughout its range. A species that is of particular concern is the sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus Bonaparte), which depends on big sagebrush associations for food, nesting and cover. Much of its historical range has Redacted for privacy Redacted for privacy dwindled, prompting increasing scrutiny on land use and management throughout the big sagebrush association. Destruction of remaining habitat and the danger of invasion by annual grasses such as cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.), has necessitated the assessment of the effects of disturbance such as fire on these communities. This study was designed to: (A) determine the effects of prescribed fire on vegetation characteristics, (B) analyze the specific response of forbs and arthropods that are important in the diet of sage grouse to fire, and (C) compare the Modified- Whittaker and Daubenmire methods of estimating species richness and vegetation cover in a Wyoming big sagebrush community. In the first project, prescribed fire had little effect on herbaceous density, cover, or species richness, but did increase perennial grass and total herbaceous standing crop the second and third year post burn, and annual forb standing crop the first and second year. Big sagebrush and total shrub cover and density were greatly reduced in burned treatments. Green rabbitbrush cover was greater in unburned treatments, but no change in density was noted. Burning did not affect soil water availability. The second project showed little overall benefit to perennial forbs preferred by sage grouse, however there was a short-lived increase in Microsteris/Collinsia parviflora (Lindl.) cover in the second post burn year. Prescribed fire may be detrimental to Hymenoptera abundance. Orthoptera may benefit from prescribed fire, but further exploration is needed in that area. Annual exotic species richness was not shown to increase in either sampling method or treatment in the third project. This is important, as it shows that sites which are dominated by a large proportion of native species from various functional groups can resist invasion. There was no clear-cut delineation between the Modified-Whittaker and Daubenmire methods. While there were some similarities in the data between the two, the Modified-Whittaker method had substantially different percent cover estimations for perennial grass and total herbaceous components in 2005. The Modified-Whittaker method also did not detect treatment effects for biotic crust, bare ground/rock, and litter cover measurements that were seen with the Daubenmire method. Shrub cover measurements were similar in both methods. Further investigation is warranted to test the applicability of the Modified- Whittaker design.
Author: Zoltan Tuba Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 9781560221203 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
The impact of rising levels of greenhouse gases—and the global consequences for crops! Carbon dioxide is a major greenhouse gas that causes global warming and directly impacts every aspect of plant life and indirectly impacts animal and human life. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have risen dramatically over the past century, and though this could mean opportunities for better growth and increased yield of certain crops, other factors like weather extremes and changes to plant physiology may mitigate the positive effects. Ecological Responses and Adaptations of Crops to Rising Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide comprehensively analyzes every aspect of crop responses to increasing carbon dioxide as well as their productional significance for the world. Changes in the growth rate and yield of crops are explored, with attention given to the consequences of coming weather changes on production and the expected economic impact. Ecological Responses and Adaptations of Crops to Rising Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide takes the data gleaned from careful research to provide an in-depth vision of the impact of carbon dioxide on global temperatures, plant physiology, and the ecological and economic future of our world. Respected authorities thoroughly discuss the research detailing the complete range of issues from plant growth under increased carbon dioxide levels to the impact of rising air temperatures to the evolving ecophysiological responses within various crops. Extensive references provide opportunities for further research while detailed tables and graphs clearly illustrate data. Ecological Responses and Adaptations of Crops to Rising Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide explores the effects of carbon dioxide enrichment on: plants, crops, and vegetation—is it beneficial? growth, yield, and photosynthetic responses in rice the photosynthetic capacity and productivity of rice under field conditions—and the role of nitrogen fertilization forage and grain nitrogen content potato crops crop responses including interaction with temperature the growth of maize different agricultural systems around the world—such as central and southeastern Europe, northern climates, Sudan, citrus-growing regions, and others the production ecophysiology of Hungarian green pepper and much more! The impending changes in our world make Ecological Responses and Adaptations of Crops to Rising Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide a valuable text for educators and postgraduate students in the field of plant ecology and crop production and an essential resource for researchers in the fields of plant ecology, ecophysiology, agricultural crop production, and environmental sciences.
Author: Regina Varrin Publisher: ISBN: Category : Animal populations Languages : en Pages : 60
Book Description
On- strategies organized according to the need to understand climate site land use planning and management techniques must be change, mitigate the impacts of rapid climate change, and help designed to protect the ecological and social pieces, patterns, Ontarians adapt to climate change: and processes. [...] Given the uncertainty in the amount of emissions and associated effects, natural resource management agencies around the world are using a number of climate models and scenarios of human behaviour to depict a range of potential climatic conditions and impacts that may appear in the next 100 years. [...] It is notable that the countries attending the 2005 climate change conference in Montreal to review and discuss future programs under the auspices of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol agreed that the development of adaptation tools and techniques should receive significant attention during the next 5 years. [...] Species Distribution and Abundance in Response to Climate Change The distribution and abundance of a species across its geographic range is related to both biotic (e.g., food, competition, and disease) and abiotic (e.g., climate and substrate) factors. [...] There are several ways to examine the effects of climate on terrestrial fauna, and to determine how climate change may affect species and their habitat in the future.
Author: 
Author: 
Author: 
Author: John J. Couture
Author: 
Author: 
Author: Edward C. Rhodes
Author: Zoltan Tuba
Author: Regina Varrin
Author: Katrina Marie White
Author: Osvaldo E. Sala