Effects of Supplemental 2-hydroxy-(4-methylthio) Butanoic Acid and Branched Chain Volatile Fatty Acids in Lactating Dairy Cows PDF Download
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Author: Jacob E. Copelin Publisher: ISBN: Category : Dairy cattle Languages : en Pages : 136
Book Description
2-hydroxy-(4-methylthio) butanoic acid (HMTBa), a methionine analog, can alleviate dietary induced milk fat depression by increasing milk fat percent and changing the milk fatty acid profile. Branched chain volatile fatty acids (BCVFA) are important growth factors for rumen cellulolytic bacteria, which biohydrogenate polyunsaturated fatty acids into compounds that contribute to milk fat depression. Therefore, the objective of these experiments is to determine how HMTBa, BCVFA, or their combination affects rumen fermentation, milk production and profile, and nutrient digestibility in dairy cows. We hypothesized that HMTBa and BCVFA would improve rumen biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and reduce risk of milk fat depression and that the combination of the two would have a synergistic effect. To test the hypothesis, three experiments were conducted: two in vitro batch cultures and an in vivo experiment. Experiment 1 used the following treatments: a typical diet (50:50 of forage to concentrate on a DM basis, CON), CON with the addition of 3.0% linoleic acid (DM basis, LA), LA with 0.1% D/L methionine (MET), and 0.1% of HMTBa (Rhodiment, Adisseo Inc.) in an in vitro system. Experiment 2 had the following treatments: a typical diet (60:40 of forage to concentrate on a DM basis, CON), CON with the addition of 3.0% linoleic acid (DM basis, LA), LA with 0.1% HMTBa, LA with equal molar proportions (1 mmol/L) of isovalerate, isobutyrate, and 2-methylbutyrate (BCVFA), and a combination of HMTBa and BCVFA (COMBO) in an in vitro system. Experiment 3 was designed as a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design using 5 ruminally cannulated and 5 non-cannulated lactating Holstein cows (194 ± 58 DIM) blocked by cannulated and non-cannulated cows. Treatment diets included a high forage diet (32.2% NDF of which 64.4% came from forage NDF, 24.0% starch, and 3.4% FA; HF), a low forage diet (28.9% NDF of which 60.1% came from forage NDF, 29.1% starch, and 3.5 FA; LF), LF with 0.1% HMTBa (LF-HMTBa), LF with equal molar proportions of isobutyrate, isovlalerate, 2-methylbutyrate, and valerate (LF-BCVFA), and LF with the combination of HMTBa and BCVFA (COMBO). All data were analyzed using mixed procedures of SAS. Experiment 1 and 2 were a completely randomized design with incubation as the random effect and treatment and hour as fixed effects. Means were compared within hour (each time point) by least significant difference. Experiment 3 was a 5 × 5 Latin square design with period and treatment were fixed effects and cow and cow within square as random effects. Day was used as repeated measures for production data, and hour replaced day for rumen fermentation analysis. In experiment 1 and 2, there were minimal changes in the biohydrogenation of linoleic acid. There was no difference in either 18:1 trans-10 or 18:2 cis-12, trans-10 CLA in any treatment for either experiment 1 or 2. Supplementation of HMTBa increased (P
Author: Jacob E. Copelin Publisher: ISBN: Category : Dairy cattle Languages : en Pages : 136
Book Description
2-hydroxy-(4-methylthio) butanoic acid (HMTBa), a methionine analog, can alleviate dietary induced milk fat depression by increasing milk fat percent and changing the milk fatty acid profile. Branched chain volatile fatty acids (BCVFA) are important growth factors for rumen cellulolytic bacteria, which biohydrogenate polyunsaturated fatty acids into compounds that contribute to milk fat depression. Therefore, the objective of these experiments is to determine how HMTBa, BCVFA, or their combination affects rumen fermentation, milk production and profile, and nutrient digestibility in dairy cows. We hypothesized that HMTBa and BCVFA would improve rumen biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and reduce risk of milk fat depression and that the combination of the two would have a synergistic effect. To test the hypothesis, three experiments were conducted: two in vitro batch cultures and an in vivo experiment. Experiment 1 used the following treatments: a typical diet (50:50 of forage to concentrate on a DM basis, CON), CON with the addition of 3.0% linoleic acid (DM basis, LA), LA with 0.1% D/L methionine (MET), and 0.1% of HMTBa (Rhodiment, Adisseo Inc.) in an in vitro system. Experiment 2 had the following treatments: a typical diet (60:40 of forage to concentrate on a DM basis, CON), CON with the addition of 3.0% linoleic acid (DM basis, LA), LA with 0.1% HMTBa, LA with equal molar proportions (1 mmol/L) of isovalerate, isobutyrate, and 2-methylbutyrate (BCVFA), and a combination of HMTBa and BCVFA (COMBO) in an in vitro system. Experiment 3 was designed as a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design using 5 ruminally cannulated and 5 non-cannulated lactating Holstein cows (194 ± 58 DIM) blocked by cannulated and non-cannulated cows. Treatment diets included a high forage diet (32.2% NDF of which 64.4% came from forage NDF, 24.0% starch, and 3.4% FA; HF), a low forage diet (28.9% NDF of which 60.1% came from forage NDF, 29.1% starch, and 3.5 FA; LF), LF with 0.1% HMTBa (LF-HMTBa), LF with equal molar proportions of isobutyrate, isovlalerate, 2-methylbutyrate, and valerate (LF-BCVFA), and LF with the combination of HMTBa and BCVFA (COMBO). All data were analyzed using mixed procedures of SAS. Experiment 1 and 2 were a completely randomized design with incubation as the random effect and treatment and hour as fixed effects. Means were compared within hour (each time point) by least significant difference. Experiment 3 was a 5 × 5 Latin square design with period and treatment were fixed effects and cow and cow within square as random effects. Day was used as repeated measures for production data, and hour replaced day for rumen fermentation analysis. In experiment 1 and 2, there were minimal changes in the biohydrogenation of linoleic acid. There was no difference in either 18:1 trans-10 or 18:2 cis-12, trans-10 CLA in any treatment for either experiment 1 or 2. Supplementation of HMTBa increased (P
Author: Chad James Robert Jenkins Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 193
Book Description
Metabolizable protein (MP) is protein that reaches the small intestine and is available for absorption and utilization by the cow. Dairy rations may be limited in the supply of MP essential to meeting the demands of milk synthesis, however as much as half of the MP flowing to the small intestine may be attributed to microbial origins and is referred to as microbial CP (MCP). Experiment 1 utilized a technique in which DNA was used as a microbial marker to estimate the concentration of bacterial CP (BCP) in the solid and liquid portions of rumen digesta. Rumen digesta was sampled and separated into solid and liquid fractions and microbes were isolated from whole ruminal digesta. Targeting bacterial DNA in samples using real-time PCR, in addition to N analysis, allowed for estimates of the concentration of BCP in the solid and liquid fractions to be attained. The concentration of BCP tended to be higher in the solid portion, highlighting the need to consider both particle and liquid associated bacteria when conducting experiments involving the microbial community. Experiment 2 focused on the ruminal effects of a commercial feed additive when fed with diets low or high in MP. The feed additive, 2-hydroxy-4-methylthio-butanoic acid (HMTBa) molecule (Alimet, Novus Internation, St. Charles, MO), a methionine analog, is believed to result in several positive effects on rumen fermentation, including increased MCP yield. Rumen pH was decreased in response to the additive, while rumen VFA and ammonia were increased. The MCP yield was unaffected across treatments. Nutrient digestibility was increased in cows fed the diet low in MP. Rumen bacterial DNA was sequenced and analyzed bioinformatically; the proportion of Fibrobacteres were increased in cows receiving the additive, and a number of associations of the relative abundance of microorganisms with ruminal observations and treatments were observed..
Author: Michel Baldin Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Reduced milk fat still represents an issue on many dairy farms. Inhibition of milk fat synthesis is normally caused by bioactive trans fatty acids (FA) formed during ruminal biohydrohenation (BH), and this condition is called BH-induced milk fat depression (MFD). Contemporary lactating diets rich in corn feeds increase risk of BH-induced MFD. This may be because corn is rich in linoleic acid (LA), the parent compound for the formation of trans FA the cause MFD. This dissertation first demonstrates that considerable variation in LA concentration exists amongst commercially available corn hybrids. The variation was mainly attributed to hybrid and selection should focus on LA as a percentage of total FA, as this trait was not correlated with other nutrients important to the cow. Secondly, it was demonstrated that MFD is a multifactorial condition and that important interactions exist between dietary risk factors, individual cow effects, and feed additives. Supplementation with the methionine analog 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoate (HMTBa) maintained higher milk fat when high producing cows received diets with increased risk of BH-induced MFD. Low producing cows did not undergo MFD, nor did their milk fat respond to HMTBa supplementation. Thirdly, it was demonstrated that an in vivo BH assay utilizing a perturbation tracee approach performed by bolusing FA through the rumen cannula was appropriate to assess the rate and extent of ruminal unsaturated FA BH as well as flux through specific BH pathways. Lastly, decreased BH-induced MFD with HMTBa supplementation was replicated and using the in vivo assay developed it was shown that the mechanism by which HMTBa prevents ruminal formation of bioactive trans FA is, at least in part, due to increased BH capacity. In conclusion, this dissertation presented opportunities to combat MFD by selection of corn hybrids low in LA and supplementation with HMTBa. Additionally, this work sets the framework for further research on milk fat by presenting an experimental design that efficiently investigates the interactions between risk factors and a novel in vivo assay appropriate to study ruminal BH.
Author: Marin Marie Western Publisher: ISBN: 9780438754751 Category : Electronic dissertations Languages : en Pages : 89
Book Description
Addition of fat supplements to dairy rations is becoming more common due to the increases in milk yield and milk fat yield that have been observed. This thesis contains two studies that evaluated the effects of palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), and oleic (C18:1) acids in the form of commercially available supplements (C16:0 and C18:0-enriched) or as custom blends (C16:0 and C18:1) on lactating dairy cows. The first experiment used two commercially-available products enriched in either C16:0 (PA) or C18:0 (SA) supplied at 1.5% diet dry matter (DM) and a control diet with no added fat. Fat supplementation increased milk yield, but decreased total FA digestibility when compared to control. PA increased digestibility of total, 16- and 18-carbon FA as well as NDF digestibility, energy corrected milk (ECM), and milk fat yield when compared to SA. In the second experiment, the effect of differing ratios of C16:0 and C18:1 (fed at 1.5% diet DM) was determined using blends that consisted of 80% C16:0 + 10% cis-9 C18:1 (80:10) or 60% C16:0 + 30% C18:1 (60:30) across a wide range in production level. Interactions between preliminary milk yield and treatment were observed for dry matter intake (DMI), and yields of ECM and 3.5% fat-corrected milk (3.5% FCM), indicating that higher producing cows responded better to the 60:30 and lower producing cows responded better to the 80:10. 60:30 increased digestibilities of total, 16- and 18- carbon FA compared with 80:10. Together, this work will provide information that can be used to guide feeding decisions to maximize performance and farm income while using commercial FA supplements.
Author: Jacob E. Copelin
Author: Jacob E. Copelin
Author: Chad James Robert Jenkins
Author: Jesse Lee Warntjes
Author: Luiz Ronaldo de Abreu
Author: Michel Baldin
Author: Marin Marie Western
Author: Charles Karuku Gachuiri
Author: Mary Kathleen Beam
Author: Tara Meade
Author: Natalie A. Kik