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Author: Chenghai Yang Publisher: ISBN: Category : Droplet size Languages : en Pages : 9
Book Description
Rotary atomizers are used in a number of aerial applications, such as forest pest spraying and mosquito control sprays. These types of atomizers have a rotating cage at speeds of 2,000 to 10,000 revolutions per minute (rpm) through which a spray is emitted and atomized. Many applicators routinely add spray adjuvants to change the droplet size, reduce drift potential, or to reduce evaporative effects of a particular spray solution; therefore, six commonly used classes of spray adjuvants were evaluated to determine their effects on droplet size. If an applicator's only concern was minimizing spray drift, the applicator could choose a polymer or high surfactant oil concentrate for helicopter speeds and a polymer for fixed-wing applications. For applicators working under hot, dry conditions where evaporation is a concern, choosing an oil-based adjuvant to help get better coverage by creating smaller droplets that do not evaporate would be recommended. Understanding the role the different adjuvant types play in the final droplet size of the spray is key to successfully setting up and making applications with rotary atomizers.
Author: Chenghai Yang Publisher: ISBN: Category : Droplet size Languages : en Pages : 9
Book Description
Rotary atomizers are used in a number of aerial applications, such as forest pest spraying and mosquito control sprays. These types of atomizers have a rotating cage at speeds of 2,000 to 10,000 revolutions per minute (rpm) through which a spray is emitted and atomized. Many applicators routinely add spray adjuvants to change the droplet size, reduce drift potential, or to reduce evaporative effects of a particular spray solution; therefore, six commonly used classes of spray adjuvants were evaluated to determine their effects on droplet size. If an applicator's only concern was minimizing spray drift, the applicator could choose a polymer or high surfactant oil concentrate for helicopter speeds and a polymer for fixed-wing applications. For applicators working under hot, dry conditions where evaporation is a concern, choosing an oil-based adjuvant to help get better coverage by creating smaller droplets that do not evaporate would be recommended. Understanding the role the different adjuvant types play in the final droplet size of the spray is key to successfully setting up and making applications with rotary atomizers.
Author: J. B. Ross Publisher: ISBN: Category : Adjuvants Languages : en Pages : 12
Book Description
Spray droplet size has long been recognized as the most important variable that aerial applicators can influence to mitigate spray drift from the application site. There are several different technologies that are used by researchers to measure droplet size from spray nozzles. The objective of these studies was to determine the influence of eight spray adjuvants on the droplet size spectrum produced by two nozzles in a high-speed wind tunnel when characterized using three different droplet size measurement systems. The adjuvant, nozzles, and airspeeds used in these studies are commonly used by aerial applicators. Three droplet sizing systems (Malvern laser diffraction, PMS optical array probe, and LaVision laser imaging) were simultaneously operated to measure the spray droplet size spectra for each adjuvant, airspeed, and nozzle combination. Two spray nozzles (a D6-46 nozzle and a D2 straight stream nozzle) were evaluated in a high-speed wind tunnel at airspeeds of 45 and 58 m/sec. There were significant differences in the droplet size spectra produced by the eight spray adjuvants tested. There were also significant differences between the droplet size values reported by the three measurement systems (Malvern, LaVision, and PMS) evaluated; however, there was considerable agreement trendwise. In general, the Malvern reported smaller spray droplet size spectra values than the LaVision, while the PMS system generally reported the largest spray droplet size spectra values. These tests are the first reported studies where all three droplet sizing systems were operated simultaneously.
Author: Kelli L. Nelms Publisher: ISBN: Category : Adjuvant Languages : en Pages : 11
Book Description
Many factors, including adjuvants, pesticide formulations, and nozzle tips, affect spray droplet size. It is important to understand these factors as spray droplet size affects both drift and efficacy of pesticides, which is a main concern with pesticide application. A laser particle analyzer was used to determine the spray droplet size and distributions of a range of formulations sprayed through several types of nozzle tips. Nozzles included were extended range flat fan sizes 11003 and 11005 (Spraying Systems XR), air induction flat fan sizes 11005 and 11004 (AI), air induction extended range flat fan size 11005 (AIXR), preorifice flat fan size 11005 (TT), and a second preorifice flat fan size 2.5 (TF). Several deposition/retention adjuvants were studied, including Array, Interlock, In-Place, and Thrust. Another study looked at diflufenzopyr + dicamba (Status, BASF) in combination with several adjuvants. Also, three fungicides were evaluated at differing spray volumes. Results indicated that the droplet size of some nozzle tips is more affected than others by changes in the contents of the spray solution.
Author: WR. Dexter Publisher: ISBN: Category : Adjuvants Languages : en Pages : 12
Book Description
The literature on the effects of active ingredients, adjuvants and surface active agents on the droplet size of agricultural sprays is reviewed. The effects of various agricultural adjuvants on the droplet size distributions of a herbicide sprayed in a wind tunnel simulating an aerial application were determined using a Malvern laser diffraction instrument. All adjuvants caused a decrease in droplet size, which varied with adjuvant type and concentration. Measurements of equilibrium surface tension, dynamic surface tension at 20 ms, density, and viscosity were recorded. Droplet size did not correlate linearly with equilibrium surface tension: only at the lowest surface tensions was any significant decrease in droplet size observed. Droplet size correlated better with dynamic surface tension for each adjuvant over most of the surface tension range, but with different slopes for each adjuvant. At high concentrations of surfactant, bubbles of air were observed within captured droplets and the size distribution became bimodal.
Author: Chester L. Foy Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1351086405 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 737
Book Description
Based on a conference, this book is intended to promote a better understanding of the effects of adjuvants on pesticide penetration, translocation, photodegradation and stability, spray deposition and dissipation, and the fate of herbicides in the environment.
Author: Peter Baur Publisher: ISBN: Category : Adjuvants Languages : en Pages : 9
Book Description
The effects of adjuvants on spreading of small droplets after spray application and of larger drops with volumes in the microliter range was studied. The characterization of spreading as affected by adjuvants is done often with lab tests on artificial surfaces. In these tests much larger drops in the microliter range are used and plant factors such as the presence of hairs or crystalline waxes and spray related factors such as rapid evaporation, a different drop size magnitude, a drop size distribution in reality, and effects of adjuvants on drop size are not considered. For a set of test compounds from different chemical classes we evaluated stepwise the approximation to real systems with plant surfaces representing the major surface features. With larger drops of 10 and 20 μl we obtained a surprisingly good correlation of spreading on Parafilm® M and the mature leaves of Chlorophytum, tomato, rape, and corn. With good wetters better spreading was observed on leaves than on Parafilm M. The correlation of spread diameters with real spray (flat fan nozzle, 300 l/ha) on an easily wettable plant and drops on Parafilm M was very good as well though with the best spreaders the gravimetric momentum on spreading and longer times for evaporation overestimated spreading of the larger droplets on Parafilm M. If the mean spread diameters of real spray was plotted vs. the logtransformed spread diameter on Parafilm M a linear correlation was obtained (r2=0.92).
Author: Paul N. P. Chow Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1351077945 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 236
Book Description
Studies of Adjuvants involve many scientific fields from basic research of the chemistry, through investigations into physiological effects and environmental impact, to mixture formulation and field use. These important areas are illustrated in these two volumes, which are contributions from the First International Symposium on Adjuvants for Agrochemicals, held in Brandon, Manitoba on August 5 to 7, 1986. A total of 200 participants from 19 countries met to discuss their common interest in adjuvant science, technology, and application. It is the editors hope that these volumes will stimulate interest in and promote a better understanding of the chemical, physiological, and agronomic aspects of adjuvants as they relate agrochemicals. In addition, the revisedAdjuvants for Agrochemicals: A Selected Bibliography of World Literature in the English Language will be a valuable resource for agricultural researchers and other users. We hope that adjuvant research will lead to even safer, more efficient, and more economical use of chemicals in agriculture and forestry.
Author: Arthur Lefebvre Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1482227851 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 434
Book Description
Atomization and Sprays examines the atomization of liquids and characteristics of sprays. It explains the physical processes of atomization as well as guidelines for designing atomizers. In addition, it demonstrates how the importance of the size and velocity of a particle contributes to improved spray characterization. Coverage includes general co
Author: Kevin Penfield Publisher: ISBN: Category : Adjuvant Languages : en Pages : 12
Book Description
Drifting of fine droplets during the application of pesticides is an issue of increasing commercial and regulatory importance. Spray drift damages susceptible crops, wastes resources, and results in inconsistent weed control. Several strategies are currently used to mitigate this problem. These include enhanced nozzle technology, improved application techniques, and inclusion of drift control additives in the final tank mix. Elimination of small diameter droplets ("driftable fines") is a key goal. Measurements were made of droplet size distributions of sprayed pesticide formulations containing commercial products representative of the leading drift control technologies, including guar, polyacrylamides, lecithin, and oil/surfactant mixtures. Effects of spray nozzle and pressure were also evaluated. Nozzle technology plays a large role in determining the spray droplet size spectrum. However, there is a strong interplay between nozzle design and formulation variables. We found that drift control agents have greater impact on spray from flat fan nozzles. Also, the ranking of adjuvants depends on the nozzle technology in use: for glyphosate/ammonium sulfate solutions, polymers were more effective in reducing fines from a flat fan nozzle, while surfactant-based products were marginally superior when an air induction nozzle was used. The regulatory community is currently focused on mitigating the generation of small droplets. However, the generation of oversized droplets also effects spray efficacy. The impact of drift control agents on the breadth of the droplet size spectrum is an aspect of drift control which is often overlooked. We found that emulsion-based products tighten the droplet size distribution, while the polymer-based products shift the mean droplet diameter up, broadening the distribution in the process: while the latter effect may earn better ratings from regulatory agencies concerned exclusively with spray drift mitigation, it may be less helpful in enhancing application efficacy.
Author: Chenghai Yang
Author: Chenghai Yang
Author: J. B. Ross
Author: Kelli L. Nelms
Author: WR. Dexter
Author: Chester L. Foy
Author: Peter Baur
Author: Paul N. P. Chow
Author: Arthur Lefebvre
Author: Kevin Penfield
Author: Eric H. Schimek