Effects of Fertilizers on Biomass, Sugar Content and Ethanol Production of Sweet Sorghum PDF Download

Author: Tran Dang Xuan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Technology
Languages : en
Pages :

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Book Description
Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolour) is a promising alternative crop for bioethanol production in developing countries. However, to extend the cultivative area of this crop, it needs to develop an appropriate growing protocol for farmers. This chapter describes the examination of different doses of fertilizers combined with manure and micronutrients, in various applied times, on biomass, sugar content and ethanol production of sweet sorghum. It was observed that the application of 90 N + 90 P2O5 + 60 K2O provided maximum stem yield and optimum contents of sugar and ethanol yield, however nontreatment of any among P, P2O5 and K2O caused significant reduction of biomass and ethanol production. Higher fertilization >90 N may provide greater productivity of this crop but it may cause lodging and economic deficit for farmers in developing countries. It was also found that the applied times of fertilization should be at 3-4 to 7-8 leaf stage. In contrast, when the fertilization was as close to the flowering stage caused remarkable reduction of stem yield and ethanol production. The supplementation of (NH4)2MO7O2.4H2O at 5 kg/ha provided an increase of 10-12 tons/ha of stem yield and a remarkable enrichment of ethanol production. Findings of this study are useful for farmers and agricultural extensionists to promote biomass and ethanol productivity of this crop for bioethanol production. This research also highlights a greater possibility of exploiting sweet sorghum cultivation in infertile and hilly, abandoned areas for ethanol production.

Author: Michael Joseph William Maw
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Biomass energy
Languages : en
Pages : 133

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Sweet sorghum has the potential in Missouri for production as a biofuel feedstock, but little is known of the crop's yields and appropriate nitrogen management for optimizing ethanol yields. This thesis is a collection of three field studies examining the potential for sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) to be adopted as a biofuel feedstock for ethanol production in the Midwestern U.S. Limited research exists examining the optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate for maximum ethanol yields as well as sweet sorghum's adaptability to the lower Midwestern states. The first study included testing the effects of five N fertilizer rates (0, 56, 112, 168, 224 kg-N ha-1) on the production of two sweet sorghum cultivars (Dale and Top 76-6) over three years in central Missouri. Yields measured included dry matter, stem juice, Brix, fermentable sugar, theoretical juice ethanol, theoretical lignocellulosic ethanol, and total theoretical ethanol. N fertilizer treatment mostly increased yields, as total dry matter yield averaged 16.8 Mg ha-1, fermentable sugar yield averaged 1055 kg ha-1, and total ethanol yield averaged 5828 L ha-1 . The optimal range for N fertilizer rates was between 112 and 168 kg N ha-1. The second study included determining the above-ground plant N concentration, plant N content, N recovery efficiency, and physiological N-use efficiency of sorghum from the first study. Nitrogen treatment significantly affected plant N concentration and N content. Greater yields resulted in greater N recovery efficiency but did not always result in greater N-use efficiency. The optimum range for highest nitrogen recovery and use efficiencies was identified as 0-112 kg N ha-1 . The purpose of the third study was to better understand sweet sorghum's affect on soil organic carbon. This involved comparing the effects of an alternative sweet sorghum--soybean (Glycine max L.) rotation to a maize (Zea mays L.)--soybean rotation at three study sites in Missouri and Arkansas on yields, soil organic carbon, the labile soil carbon fraction and the physically-stabilized fraction. Sweet sorghum ethanol yields were greater than maize yields across sites, but the soil carbon similarly decreased regardless of crop and location. Sweet sorghum is a high-yielding biomass feedstock that shows promise for production in Missouri, especially in marginal lands. With proper nitrogen fertilizer management sweet sorghum is shown to be an efficient plant for ethanol yield, but it may negatively affect soil organic carbon following land-use changes for biofuel production.

Author: Jaya Shankar Tumuluru
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 9535129376
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 518

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This book is the outcome of contributions by many experts in the field from different disciplines, various backgrounds, and diverse expertise. This book provides information on biomass volume calculation methods and biomass valorization for energy production. The chapters presented in this book include original research and review articles. I hope the research presented in this book will help to advance the use of biomass for bioenergy production and valorization. The key features of the book are: Providing information on biomass volume estimation using direct, nondestructive and remote sensing methods Biomass valorization for energy using thermochemical (gasification and pyrolysis) and biochemical (fermentation) conversion processes.

Author: Michael Joseph William Maw
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 147

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High Biomass Sorghum (HBS) has potential for production as a biofuel feedstock in Missouri, but little is known of the crop’s yield and appropriate nitrogen (N) management for optimizing ethanol yields, especially in a low-input cropping system on marginal lands. This dissertation is a collection of four studies examining the potential for HBS (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) to be adopted as a biofuel feedstock for ethanol production in the Midwestern U.S. Limited research exists of studying HBS crop yield response to N fertilizer in the Midwest to determine the optimum N rate for maximizing N recovery efficiency (NRE) and N use efficiency (NUE). The first study tested the effects of five N fertilizer rates (0, 56, 112, 168, 224 kg N ha-1 ) on the production of two HBS hybrids (ES 5200 and ES 5201) over two years in central Missouri. Yields of stem and leaf dry matter (DM), and lignocellulosic ethanol (LEY) were measured. Tissue N concentration of leaves and stems were used to calculate N content, NRE, and physiological NUE. Yield of HBS was greatest at 56 kg N ha-1 and above, but NRE and NUE decreased at higher N rates. Reduced rainfall in the second year contributed to no N response in yield. The second study determined the corresponding HBS leaf and stem concentration and contents of 11 macro- and micronutrients from the first study above. Response to N fertilizer rate was controlled by differences between years in rainfall. Reduced DM in the second year resulted in increased concentrations, but less elemental uptake and a resultant delayed N response demonstrate the strong link between nutrient uptake and plant growth following the precipitation. A desire to test HBS yield against other annual bioenergy crops led to the third study, which included establishing long-term research plots at two marginal sites, in central Missouri and southwest Missouri, comparing HBS to maize (Zea mays L.) and sweet sorghum for potential ethanol yield in five years (2010-2014) given minimal inputs. Each crop was planted in a two-year rotation with soybean (Glycine max L.). Theoretical ethanol yields of sweet sorghum and HBS were similar and greater than maize at both locations. Drought severely limited yields of all three crop rotations, but HBS was the most stable in yield across the five years. These results provided a beginning understanding of the stability of HBS on marginal Missouri cropland. Study four involved collecting soil cores from each of the crop plots in study three in 2010, 2011, and 2014 to understand the impact of HBS, compared to maize and sweet sorghum, on soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration and stock, as well as the labile soil carbon fraction (AC). Concentrations of SOC and AC within all crop plots decreased over the first two years at both sites, but after five years the SOC concentrations returned to levels similar to initial 2010 levels, while the AC concentrations decreased. The southwestern Missouri site had a slight positive trend in AC concentration from 2011 to 2014, suggesting beneficial effects from the biofuel feedstocks. Due to the occurrence of drought during the study, the findings have relevance for evaluating land management impacts on SOC in a changing climate. High biomass sorghum is a high-yielding biomass feedstock that shows promise for production in Missouri, especially on marginal lands. Even moderate rates of N fertilizer have the potential to positively increase DM and theoretical ethanol yield in adequate rainfall years. However, intensive nutrient management may prove necessary with continual DM removal. The short-term trend of HBS stemming SOC loss compared to maize production on marginal sites provides support for continued research into the potential for HBS production in Missouri.

Author: Khaled Miri
Publisher: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
ISBN: 9783659180354
Category :
Languages : de
Pages : 204

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Book Description
Sweet sorghum is versatile as a high value crop. Besides, bio-fuel, feed and fodder, it is very interesting for low cost and nutritious food . It has the potential of becoming a useful energy crop. It has been evaluated as an alcohol fuel crop with a promising future. This crop is attractive because of the easy accessibility of readily fermentable sugars combined with very high yields of green biomass suitable for production of more quantity of ethanol per unit time, per unit cost and per unit of water used . In India, it has been used for nearly 150 years to produce concentrated syrup with a distinctive flavor due to its characteristic of juicy stalks high in sugar. The ethanol production process is more Eco-friendly than that of sugarcane and its molasses (Morris, 2006). Nitrogen fertilizer combined with other inputs play crucial roles in yield and overall quality of sweet sorghum products. The present book is parts of studies which were conducted to determine suitable genotype and nitrogen level for higher productivity, nitrogen use efficiency and economic returns from sweet sorghum cultivation.

Author: Scott J. Dooley
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Current demand for ethanol production is stressing feedstock production. Previous research has shown sweet sorghum and photoperiod sensitive sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] as viable feedstocks which may supplement or replace current feedstocks. Studies were conducted at two dryland locations in north central and northeast Kansas in 2008 and 2009 to determine the effects of cultivar, nitrogen fertilizer rate, plant density, and harvest date on sweet sorghum juice and biomass yields. The cultivar study indicated the cultivar 'M81E' generally had the greatest yield. Other cultivars were not well suited for this region. No significant results were found in the nitrogen rate trial, indicating sweet sorghum may be insensitive to nitrogen fertilizer applications. The plant density trial results indicated that sweet sorghum possess a great ability to compensate for plant spacing. No differences were found in juice yields across densities, and the only difference found in total dry biomass was at the highest plant density. Results from the harvest date study indicate that sweet sorghum harvest should be delayed until at least the grain soft dough stage and can be continued for at least 10 days after a killing freeze without a yield penalty. Delaying harvest allowed for an increase in total dry matter and fermentable carbohydrates without a decrease in juice yield. Two studies were conducted at two dryland locations in northcentral and northeast Kansas in 2008 and 2009 to determine the effects of plant density on photoperiod sensitive sorghum yields, with an additional study to determine the effects of winter weathering. Photoperiod sensitive sorghum was found to be similarly insensitive to plant density, with few differences found in total dry biomass yield. Yields were found to decrease significantly due to winter weathering. A final study was conducted to examine a variety of sorghums as biofuel feedstocks. Photoperiod sensitive sorghum yielded the greatest in 2008 while sweet sorghum yielded less. In 2009, sweet and photoperiod sensitive sorghum yielded less than the cultivar TAMUXH08001. Sweet sorghum yields are generally the greatest with 'M81E' and when harvested after soft dough. Yields of both sorghums are occasionally influenced by plant density.

Author: Miodrag Darko Matovic
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 9533074922
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 512

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Book Description
Biomass has been an intimate companion of humans from the dawn of civilization to the present. Its use as food, energy source, body cover and as construction material established the key areas of biomass usage that extend to this day. Given the complexities of biomass as a source of multiple end products, this volume sheds new light to the whole spectrum of biomass related topics by highlighting the new and reviewing the existing methods of its detection, production and usage. We hope that the readers will find valuable information and exciting new material in its chapters.

Author: Nana Baah Appiah-Nkansah
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Sweet sorghum accumulates high concentrations of fermentable sugars in the stem, produces significant amount of starch in the grain (panicle) and has shown to be a promising energy feedstock. Sweet sorghum has a short growing season so adding it to the sugar cane system would be good. The overall goal of this dissertation is to enhance the attractiveness of biofuel production from sweet sorghum to fully utilize fermentable sugars in the juice, starch in the panicle and structural carbohydrates in the stalk for high efficiency and low-cost ethanol production. Sweet sorghum juice was incorporated into the dry-grind process which achieved 28% increase of ethanol yield compared to the conventional ethanol method and decreased enzymatic hydrolysis time by 30 minutes. A very high gravity fermentation technique was applied using sweet sorghum juice and sorghum grain yielded 20.25% (v/v) of ethanol and 96% fermentation efficiency. Response surface methodology was applied in order to optimize diffusion conditions and to explore effects of diffusion time, diffusion temperature, and ratio of sweet sorghum biomass to grain on starch-to-sugar efficiency and total sugar recovery from sweet sorghum. Starch hydrolysis efficiency and sugar recovery efficiency of 96 and 98.5% were achieved, respectively, at an optimized diffusion condition of 115 minutes, 95 °C, and 22% grain loading. Extraction kinetics based on the optimized diffusion parameters were developed to describe the mass transfer of sugars in sweet sorghum biomass during the diffusion process. Ethanol obtained from fermented extracted sugars treated with granular starch hydrolyzing enzyme and those with traditional enzymes were comparable (14.5 -- 14.6% v/v). Ethanol efficiencies also ranged from 88.92 --92.02%.

Author: S. D. Sahib
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 95

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Author: Vilas A. Tonapi
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9811582491
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 932

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Book Description
Sorghum is the most important cereal crop grown in the semi-arid tropics (SAT) of Africa, Asia, Australia and Americas for food, feed, fodder and fuel. It is the fifth most important cereal crop globally after rice, wheat, maize and barley, and plays a major role in global food security. Sorghum is consumed in different forms for various end-uses. Its grain is mostly used directly for food purposes. After the release of the proceedings of two international symposia in the form of books “Sorghum in Seventies” and “Sorghum in Eighties”, global sorghum research and development have not been documented at one place. Of course, few books on sorghum have been released that focus on specific issues/research areas, but comprehensive review of all aspects of recent development in different areas of sorghum science has not been compiled in the form a single book. This book is intended to fill in a void to bridge the gap by documenting all aspects of recent research and development in sorghum encompassing all the progress made, milestones achieved across globe in genetic diversity assessment, crop improvement and production, strategies for high yield, biotic and abiotic stress resistance, grain and stover quality aspects, storage, nutrition, health and industrial applications, biotechnological applications to increase production, including regional and global policy perspectives and developmental needs. This book will be an institutional effort to compile all the latest information generated in research and development in sorghum across the globe at one place.