Effects of Essential Fatty Acids and Branched-chain Amino Acids in Lactation Diets on Sow and Litter Performance PDF Download
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Author: Julia Perrine Holen Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
This dissertation is comprised of 5 chapters consisting of a review of literature on branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) in lactation diets, a meta-regression analysis to evaluate the effects of BCAA on sow and litter growth performance, evaluation of the effects of essential fatty acids (EFA) in lactating sow diets on sow reproductive performance, colostrum and milk composition, and piglet survivability, supplementation of fat sources and pre-farrow EFA intake on lactating sow performance and EFA status, and the effects of increasing soybean meal in corn-based diets on growth performance of late finishing pigs. Chapter 1 presents a review of the literature on the effects of BCAA on sow mammary gland metabolism, colostrum and milk composition, and sow and litter performance. Chapter 2 describes a meta-regression analysis conducted to evaluate the effects of BCAA and their interactions in lactating sow diets to predict litter growth performance, sow bodyweight change, and sow feed intake. The results suggest that Ile, Leu, and Val play an important role in litter growth, sow bodyweight change, and sow feed intake during lactation; however, the influence of BCAA on these criteria is much smaller than that of other dietary components such as net energy, SID Lys, sow average daily feed intake, and crude protein. In Chapter 3, mixed-parity sows and their litters were used to evaluate the effects of EFA intake on sow reproductive performance, piglet growth and survivability, and colostrum and milk composition. Overall, sows consuming high EFA produced litters with heavier piglet weaning weights and greater litter average daily gain (ADG) when compared to litters from sows fed diets with low EFA. However, there was no impact of sow EFA intake on piglet survivability or subsequent sow reproductive performance. Chapter 4 describes a study evaluating the effects of supplemental fat sources and pre-farrow EFA intake on lactating sow and litter performance and EFA composition of colostrum, milk, and adipose tissue. The results suggest that providing dietary fat sources with high concentrations of EFA can increase colostrum linoleic acid and [alpha]-linolenic acid concentrations that are maintained throughout lactation. However, the changes in colostrum and milk composition did not alter litter growth performance in this experiment. Lastly, Chapter 5 presents three experiments that were conducted to determine the effects of increasing soybean meal levels in replacement of feed-grade amino acids in corn-based diets on growth performance of late finishing pigs raised in commercial facilities. The combined results of the three experiments suggest that inclusion at least 4 to 8% dietary SBM at the expense of feed-grade amino acids in corn-based diets with or without grain co-products can improve growth performance of late-finishing pigs.
Author: Julia Perrine Holen Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
This dissertation is comprised of 5 chapters consisting of a review of literature on branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) in lactation diets, a meta-regression analysis to evaluate the effects of BCAA on sow and litter growth performance, evaluation of the effects of essential fatty acids (EFA) in lactating sow diets on sow reproductive performance, colostrum and milk composition, and piglet survivability, supplementation of fat sources and pre-farrow EFA intake on lactating sow performance and EFA status, and the effects of increasing soybean meal in corn-based diets on growth performance of late finishing pigs. Chapter 1 presents a review of the literature on the effects of BCAA on sow mammary gland metabolism, colostrum and milk composition, and sow and litter performance. Chapter 2 describes a meta-regression analysis conducted to evaluate the effects of BCAA and their interactions in lactating sow diets to predict litter growth performance, sow bodyweight change, and sow feed intake. The results suggest that Ile, Leu, and Val play an important role in litter growth, sow bodyweight change, and sow feed intake during lactation; however, the influence of BCAA on these criteria is much smaller than that of other dietary components such as net energy, SID Lys, sow average daily feed intake, and crude protein. In Chapter 3, mixed-parity sows and their litters were used to evaluate the effects of EFA intake on sow reproductive performance, piglet growth and survivability, and colostrum and milk composition. Overall, sows consuming high EFA produced litters with heavier piglet weaning weights and greater litter average daily gain (ADG) when compared to litters from sows fed diets with low EFA. However, there was no impact of sow EFA intake on piglet survivability or subsequent sow reproductive performance. Chapter 4 describes a study evaluating the effects of supplemental fat sources and pre-farrow EFA intake on lactating sow and litter performance and EFA composition of colostrum, milk, and adipose tissue. The results suggest that providing dietary fat sources with high concentrations of EFA can increase colostrum linoleic acid and [alpha]-linolenic acid concentrations that are maintained throughout lactation. However, the changes in colostrum and milk composition did not alter litter growth performance in this experiment. Lastly, Chapter 5 presents three experiments that were conducted to determine the effects of increasing soybean meal levels in replacement of feed-grade amino acids in corn-based diets on growth performance of late finishing pigs raised in commercial facilities. The combined results of the three experiments suggest that inclusion at least 4 to 8% dietary SBM at the expense of feed-grade amino acids in corn-based diets with or without grain co-products can improve growth performance of late-finishing pigs.
Author: Reza Rezaei Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Both feeding and cell culture studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) can enhance milk synthesis by porcine mammary epithelial cells (PMEC). In the first in vivo feeding trial, ten multiparous lactating sows were fed corn-soybean meal-based diets supplemented with 0%, 1.535%, or 3.07% BCAA for 29 d. The number of piglets was standardized to 9 per sow. On d 3,15 and 29 of lactation, body weights of sows and their piglets, as well as milk consumption of piglets were determined. Blood samples were obtained from sows and piglets at 2 and 1 h after feeding, respectively. The second feeding experiment was conducted with dietary supplements containing 0%, 1% or 2% monosodium glutamate (MSG). Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA. In both feeding trials, plasma concentrations of aspartate, glutamine, citrulline, arginine, and BCAA were higher, compared to the control. Dietary supplementation with 1.535% and 3.07% BCAA increased: 1) concentrations of free and protein-bound glutamate plus glutamine in milk; 2) milk intake of piglets by 14% and 21%; and 3) daily weight gains of piglets by 19% and 28%. Dietary supplementation with 1% and 2% MSG increased: 1) concentrations of free and protein-bound glutamate plus glutamine in milk; 2) milk intake of piglets by 14% and 25%; and 3) daily weight gains of piglets by 23% and 44%. These results indicated that dietary supplementation with up to 3.07% BCAA or 2% MSG was safe and enhanced lactation in sows. To elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the effects of BCAA on milk production, PMEC were cultured in customized medium containing 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1 or 2 mM L- leucine, L-isoleucine, or L-valine, or a mixture of those three BCAA. Elevating extracellular concentrations of BCAA from 0.1 to 2 mM increased the phosphorylation of proteins in the mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway, the rate of protein synthesis and cell proliferation, while decreasing the abundance of proteasome and ubiquitinated protein, and the rate of protein degradation in PMEC. The findings not only advance understanding of nutritional regulation of lactation but also provide a new strategy to improve milk production by livestock, women, and other mammals. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/154999
Author: Lee-Anne Huber Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Decreasing dietary crude protein (CP) concentration and increasing crystalline amino acid (CAA) supplementation, in order to maintain constant daily intakes of Lys and other key amino acids (AA), improves dietary AA balance. The effect of improved dietary AA balance on lactation performance, nitrogen (N) and AA utilization efficiency, and AA fates must be determined for precise lactating sow diet formulation and to meet specific production objectives. Performance, N balance, mammary biopsy, and isotope tracer studies were conducted to determine the effects of improving dietary AA balance on sow and litter lactation performance, N and Lys utilization efficiencies for milk production, mRNA abundance of mammary AA (Lys) transporters, and the partitioning of dietary AA between maternal and milk protein pools. Litter growth rates and milk protein production increased with improved AA balance, at the expense of maternal N retention, particularly in peak lactation. At identical Lys intakes, there was minimal improvement in Lys utilization efficiency for milk production with improved dietary AA balance, and there were no corresponding changes in the expression of mRNA for several Lys transporters within the mammary gland. Whole-body protein turnover and tissue-specific fractional rates of protein synthesis were not influenced by dietary AA balance. Feeding lactating sows reduced CP diets with increased inclusion of CAA, to improve AA balance and to meet the requirements of limiting AA, is a feasible way to improve the utilization of N and AA for milk protein production and decrease N losses to the environment, without negatively impacting sow and litter lactation performance. Amino acid and N requirements differ from those estimated by the NRC (2012) model and among genotypes and parity of sows. The utilization efficiencies of N and AA may change across a lactation period. All of these factors should be considered when planning future research and formulating lactating sow diets.
Author: Anna Teresa Laurent Publisher: ISBN: Category : Omega-3 fatty acids Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
In recent years, the public has become increasingly concerned with how animals in the food industry are handled during production. Regarding the pork industry, processing and weaning are arguably the most stressful events in a young pig’s life. Past research suggests that sow diets with increased omega-3 fatty acids can increase litter size, piglet cognitive ability, and decrease mortality. The objectives of the study were to: document the effects of feeding sows a diet rich in omega 3 fatty acids during gestation and lactation on the inflammatory response in piglets during litter processing and evaluate the cognitive and behavioral effects of gestational supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids on weaned pigs. Eight gilts were utilized in a CRB design. Gilts were randomly assigned to one of two dietary groups; CONT (corn starch) or N3FA (SALMATE). Sow/gilt milk and blood samples were collected and analyzed for fatty-acid content. Piglet blood samples were analyzed for fatty acid content and neutrophils count. Behavior was observed and documented for 24hrs post processing. After d 3 processing and castration N3FA piglets tended to have greater concentrations of neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils than CONT piglets. Post weaning on d 21, there was still an effect on eosinophils (P = 0.001), and basophils (P
Author: Chantal Farmer Publisher: BRILL ISBN: 9086868037 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 452
Book Description
The last book on the lactating sow was published over 15 years ago. This new book brings us up to date in current knowledge on the gestating and lactating sow. It covers new and important topics such as conditioning of gilts for optimal reproductive performance, feeding high fibre diets to gestating sows and providing various fat sources in gestation and lactation. It also describes the several key success factors to group-housing systems in gestation, which is a must due to the current move towards group-housing. The new concept of transition feeding for sows is discussed, as well as the factors involved in mammary development of gilts and sows, both of which are instrumental for maximum colostrum and/or milk yields. The impact of the human-animal interactions on sow welfare and performance is discussed with focus on new handling practices that could be developed to overbalance the negative interactions inherent to pig management systems. Updates on must-have topics, such as amino acid and energy requirements of sows, colostrum and milk yield and composition, and sow health are also provided. The subjects covered in this book will assist animal scientists, nutritionists, veterinarians and swine producers in learning the most recent information on relevant and current topics affecting sow production, and in knowing which areas are in need of further research efforts.
Author: G.J.M.M. de LIMA Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 85
Book Description
Sixty-nine crossbred gilts were utilized, over three consecutive parities, to evaluate the effects of increasing the feed intake in late gestation and lipid supplementation of maternal diets during lactation on sow and litter performance. In a complete randomized design, within a 2 x 2 factorial, all sows were fed 2.0 kg/day of a control corn-soybean meal diet (CS) with 3203 Kcal ME/kg from breeding to day 105 of gestation. From this day until parturition, half of the sows continued to receive 2.0 kg/day of CS diet while the others were fed same diet ad libitum. Following parturition and throughout lactation, sows from each gestation group were fed ad libitum either the control diet (CS) or a corn-soybean meal diet supplemented with 5% soybean oil (CSO) that provided 3400 KCal ME/kg. A total of 72 piglets divided equally between treatment and parity were slaughtered, 36 at birth and 36 at 48 hours later to determine the effects on neonatal energy reserves. Sows fed ad libitum in late gestation consumed 4.72 kg/day in that period. This higher (P0.0001) nutrient intake, compared to 2.0 kg/day, was utilized to increase maternal weight gain (P0.0001) rather than increase liver glycogen and carcass fat of piglets (P0.10). Birth weight, litter size and survival were not affected (P0.10). In addition, sows fed ad libitum lost more weight (P
Author: Robert E. Patterson Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 112
Book Description
Blood samples were analyzed for fatty acid profiles, plasma urea nitrogen and immunoglobulin concentrations. Dietary CLA-supplementation had no effect on sow body weight during gestation or lactation (P > 0.10). However, sows consuming CLA-supplemented diets had less back fat than control sows during gestation (P= 0.05) but not lactation ( P= 0.15). Immature sows consuming CLA-supplemented diets tended ( P = 0.09) to lose less back fat than control sows during lactation. Dietary CLA had no effect on calculated whole body lipid percentage ( P > 0.10) but increased whole body protein percentages during gestation (P= 0.05). Piglets nursing sows consuming CLA-supplemented diets were lighter than piglets nursing control sows (P= 0.06). However, dietary CLA had no affect on total litter weight weaned ( P > 0.10). Dietary CLA had no effect on the concentrations of immunoglobulins A and G of sows and piglets (P> 0.10). In experiment number two, 78 piglets weaned at 17 +/- 1 d of age from sows in experiment number one were randomly assigned to a CRD based on the assigned nursery diet (ND; 0% or 2% CLA) or their dam's lactation ration (LR; 0% or 2% CLA) forming the following 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: (1) 0%-0%, (0% LR: 0% ND), n = 6; (2) 0%-2% (0% LR: 2% ND), n = 6; (3) 2%-0% (2% LR: 0% ND), n = 8; (4) 2%-2% (2% LR: 2% ND), n = 7. At 28 +/- 2 d of age all piglets received an oral E. coli K88+ challenge (6 ml containing 109 cfu/ml ETEC K88+) and were subsequently monitored for scour development and general morbidity and mortality. One piglet per pen was randomly selected for blood and tissue collection at 36 +/- 2 d of age. Overall growth performance was not affected by dietary CLA (P> 0.10). Piglets weaned from CLA supplemented sows had less severe scours (P
Author: Julia Perrine Holen
Author: Julia Perrine Holen
Author: Sharlie Ann Moser
Author: Reza Rezaei
Author: Lee-Anne Huber
Author: Xinfu Guan
Author: Anna Teresa Laurent
Author: Joel Michael DeRouchey
Author: Chantal Farmer
Author: G.J.M.M. de LIMA
Author: Robert E. Patterson