Author: Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Mychorrhizal fungi
Languages : en
Pages : 298
Book Description
Effects of Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide on the Arbuscular-mycorrhizal Symbiosis at the Host Plant, Plant Community, and Ecosystem Level
Author: Carbon Dioxide, Populations, and Communities
Author: Fakhri A. BazzazPublisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080500722
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 489
Book Description
In past decades and in association with a continuing global industrial development, the global atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide has been rising. Among the many predictions made concerning this disturbing trend is global warming sufficient to melt polar ice-caps thereby dramatically altering existing shorelines. This book will help fill an obvious gap in the carbon dioxide debate by substituting date for speculation.* * Includes contributions from leading authorities around the world* Serves as a companion to Carbon Dioxide and Terrestrial Ecosystems* The first book of its kind to explore evolutionary responses of both populations and communities to elevated carbon dioxide
Direct Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide on Vegetation
Author: Boyd R. StrainPublisher:
ISBN: 9781410222237
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 316
Book Description
Carbon dioxide (CO2) enhancement of plant growth is one important direct effect of rising atmospheric CO2. Through photosynthesis, plants produce food and fiber from light and carbon assimilated as CO2 and form the foundation of the Earth's life support system. Rising atmospheric CO2 is thus an essential input to the food-producing process, and effects of CO2 enrichment described in this document have far-reaching implications for agricultural and ecological productivity. Establishing an empirical foundation of plant response to more CO2 and developing the capability to predict crop and ecosystem responses to CO2 enrichment are research goals that have been pursued in the DOE-led program. This State-of-the-Art report on the direct effects of CO2 on vegetation summarizes the current state of knowledge; it identifies uncertainties and suggests where more research is needed to assure understanding and delineates data and modeling requirements for future predictions. Important progress has been made over the past 5 years since the plant science community urged that more attention be given to direct effects of CO2 enrichment. Enhanced plant growth and yield from more CO2 is now widely recognized in different scientific and public sectors as an important element of the CO2 problem. While there have been gains in knowledge about a few crop plants, considerable ignorance remains about responses of native species and ecosystems to CO2 enrichment. Only a few native species or ecosystem types have been investigated. Competition among species in relation to CO2-induced growth differences is essentially unknown. Many interactions involving CO2 enrichment and other physical and biological variables affecting plant growth have not been studied. Among the physiological processes directly affected by CO2 that are not well understood are those involving net transpiration and whole-plant water use, where CO2 reduces stomatal conductance but increases leaf size. Nutrient requirements to sustain increased photosynthesis and growth at enriched levels of CO2 are not understood. This State-of-the-Art volume examines some key responses and identifies research needed to resolve these and other key unknowns.
Root Physiology: from Gene to Function
Author: Hans LambersPublisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1402040997
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 282
Book Description
In the last decade, enormous progress has been made on the physiology of plant roots, including on a wide range of molecular aspects. Much of that progress has been captured in the chapters of this book. Breakthroughs have been made possible through integration of molecular and whole-plant aspects. The classical boundaries between physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology have vanished. There has been a strong focus on a limited number of model species, including Arabidopsis thaliana. That focus has allowed greater insight into the significance of specific genes for plant development and functioning. However, many species are very different from A. thaliana, in that they are mycorrhizal, develop a symbiosis with N2-fixing microsymbionts, or have other specialised root structures. Also, some have a much greater capacity to resist extreme environments, such as soil acidity, salinity, flooding or heavy-metal toxicities, due to specific adaptations. Research on species other than A. thaliana is therefore pivotal, to develop new knowledge in plant sciences in a comprehensive manner. This fundamental new knowledge can be the basis for important applications in, e.g., agriculture and plant conservation. Although significant progress has been made, much remains to be learnt. It is envisaged that discoveries made in the recent past will likely lead to major breakthroughs in the next decade.
Ecological Responses and Adaptations of Crops to Rising Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
Author: Zoltan TubaPublisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 9781560221203
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 444
Book Description
The impact of rising levels of greenhouse gases—and the global consequences for crops! Carbon dioxide is a major greenhouse gas that causes global warming and directly impacts every aspect of plant life and indirectly impacts animal and human life. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have risen dramatically over the past century, and though this could mean opportunities for better growth and increased yield of certain crops, other factors like weather extremes and changes to plant physiology may mitigate the positive effects. Ecological Responses and Adaptations of Crops to Rising Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide comprehensively analyzes every aspect of crop responses to increasing carbon dioxide as well as their productional significance for the world. Changes in the growth rate and yield of crops are explored, with attention given to the consequences of coming weather changes on production and the expected economic impact. Ecological Responses and Adaptations of Crops to Rising Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide takes the data gleaned from careful research to provide an in-depth vision of the impact of carbon dioxide on global temperatures, plant physiology, and the ecological and economic future of our world. Respected authorities thoroughly discuss the research detailing the complete range of issues from plant growth under increased carbon dioxide levels to the impact of rising air temperatures to the evolving ecophysiological responses within various crops. Extensive references provide opportunities for further research while detailed tables and graphs clearly illustrate data. Ecological Responses and Adaptations of Crops to Rising Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide explores the effects of carbon dioxide enrichment on: plants, crops, and vegetation—is it beneficial? growth, yield, and photosynthetic responses in rice the photosynthetic capacity and productivity of rice under field conditions—and the role of nitrogen fertilization forage and grain nitrogen content potato crops crop responses including interaction with temperature the growth of maize different agricultural systems around the world—such as central and southeastern Europe, northern climates, Sudan, citrus-growing regions, and others the production ecophysiology of Hungarian green pepper and much more! The impending changes in our world make Ecological Responses and Adaptations of Crops to Rising Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide a valuable text for educators and postgraduate students in the field of plant ecology and crop production and an essential resource for researchers in the fields of plant ecology, ecophysiology, agricultural crop production, and environmental sciences.
Assessing the Contributions of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Community Life-history Traits and Trait Diversity to Soil Carbon Cycling and Plant Nutrition
Author: Caitlyn HorschPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
"Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are soil mutualists that provide plants with nutrients in exchange for photosynthetic carbon (C). AM fungal life-history strategies can differ substantially among species, affecting their growth, life cycle, and reproduction. Variation in AM fungal life-history strategies have the potential to influence soil organic carbon (SOC) cycling and host plant nutrition. Soil contains almost three times more C than the atmosphere. Thus, knowing what factors encourage long-term soil C storage is important for climate change mitigation. Further, nutrition is central to plant health, and understanding how AM fungal traits influence nutrition could have implications in agriculture and ecosystem function. Despite the recognized benefits of AM fungi, the effect of their life-history strategies on SOC and plant nutrition are not well studied at the community level. To address these knowledge gaps, I grew Sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense) with AM fungal communities representing contrasting life-history traits and trait diversity: either five species from the Gigasporaceae family, representing a competitor life-history strategy, five species from the Glomeraceae family, representing a ruderal life-history strategy, or a combination of all ten species, representing wider life-history trait diversity. I used 13C-CO2 to investigate how AM fungal families affected SOC cycling and measured Sudan grass nutrient concentrations. All AM fungal communities decreased net total SOC relative to uncolonized plants, suggesting a SOC priming effect. Yet, despite the net SOC loss, all AM fungal communities contributed to SOC formation, but only Glomeraceae biomass contributed to the slower cycling SOC pool, making up 0.12% of the pool after harvest. The mixed-trait community increased plant phosphorus the most and the Gigasporaceae community the least, by 520% and 366% relative to the non-mycorrhizal control, respectively. Additionally, only the mixed-trait and Glomeraceae communities increased plant manganese concentrations. The Glomeraceae community was the only one to decrease plant potassium and only Gigasporaceae species increased plant sodium. These results show functional variation at the family level with implications to SOC storage and plant nutrition"--
Effects of Whole-ecosystem Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration Manipulation on Abundance and Species Diversity of Arthropods in a Post-fire Chaparral Community
Author: Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Animal diversity
Languages : en
Pages : 152
Book Description
This study examined the in situ effects of elevated CO2 on arthropod abundance in a chaparral community using a series of controlled CO2, ambient Light, controlled Temperature (CO2 LT) null-balance chambers and a Free Atmosphere Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) ring. Abundance of most arthropod groups, including parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera), decreased with elevated CO2, resulting in reduced total arthropod abundance. However, abundance of moths (Lepidoptera, primarily Geometridae and Microlepidoptera) appeared to increase. The relationship of springtail (Collembola) and predatory arachnid abundance vs. CO2 concentration was curvilinear, with abundance peaking near 450-550 ppmv, and lowest at 750 ppmv. While other studies have shown that plant biomass typically increases with elevated CO2 concentrations, our results suggest that arthropod biomass may decrease. Arthropod species diversity was also measured, using the modified Coleman's rarefaction function to estimate species richness. In contrast to decreasing abundance, diversity of arthropods appeared to increase with elevated CO2, although the relationship was not significant. A separate study examined the effect of elevated CO2 and host plant density on psyllids collected from lilac shrubs. Psyllid densities increased on lilac shrubs under elevated atmospheric CO2, and there was evidence of an interaction between shrub density and CO2 effects. Results of this study suggests that ecosystem function is likely to be affected by CO2-mediated alteration of arthropod services, such as nutrient cycling and energy flow to higher trophic levels.
Effects of Above- and Belowground Resource Distribution on the Ecology of Vesicular-arbuscular Mycorrhizas
Author: Julie Lynn WhitbeckEffects of Elevated Atmospheric CO2 on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in an Agricultural Model Grassland
Author: Hannes GamperRoot Biology
Author: Bhoopander GiriPublisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319759108
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 519
Book Description
The book ‘Root Biology’ written by experts in the field, covers latest research on cellular, genetic, physiological and ecological developmental facets of root growth as well as the interaction of root with an array of microbes whether for the establishment of symbiosis, increasing plant growth or protecting plant from pathogens/attackers. Plant roots provide an excellent model to study physiological, developmental and metabolic processes at a system level. Root system architecture - an excellent creation of nature, is closely interconnected with the availability of soil nutrients. Several strategies including biotechnological interventions are gaining interest and importance for sustainable food production and enhanced resource acquisition. Such strategies have largely focused on root traits for efficient utilization of soil resources. The biotechnological application of root biology is expected to promote the production of food while maintaining ecologically and economically sustainable production systems. With a fortune of information on technical and experimental aspects useful in the laboratory, this extensive book is a valuable resource for researchers, academician and students in the broad field of microbiology, plant and fungal biology.