Author: Melanie Joy Bopp Publisher: ISBN: Category : Breast milk Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
"Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) are essential for infant growth and development, and amounts in breast milk depend on maternal diet and body stores. Because exercise increases mobilization and utilization of fatty acids, maternal activity may also influence the amount of LCPUFA in breast milk. In addition, exercise has been shown to improve bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women. During lactation, bone turnover is elevated to provide calcium for breast milk. This results in decreased BMD. Therefore, the purpose of these studies was to: 1) investigate the effects of diet and exercise on fatty acid concentrations in maternal plasma and breast milk, and 2) determine the effects of a specific resistance and aerobic training program and dietary intake on BMD and bone turnover during lactation. In the first study, LCPUFA in plasma and breast milk were measured at 12 weeks postpartum in exercising and sedentary women. Dietary intake was recorded for three days. A subsample of women participated in exercise and rest sessions to examine the acute effects of exercise on breast milk LCPUFA. In the second study, whole body, lumbar spine (LS) and hip BMD and bone mineral content (BMC), and bone turnover markers were measured before and after a 16-wk intervention in breastfeeding women who either participated in a specific resistance and aerobic training program or were sedentary. Dietary intake and body composition were also assessed in all women. In the first study, there were no differences in essential fatty acid intake between the two groups. Intake of linoleic acid (LA) was 11.05 " 1.39 and 9.34 " 0.97 and α-linolenic (LNA) was 0.96 " 0.12 and 0.82 " 0.09 grams/day for the sedentary and exercise groups, respectively. No differences were found in LCPUFA in plasma and breast milk between groups. After 30 minutes of exercise, there was a trend for an increase in LA and LNA. In the second study, exercising women lost significantly less LS BMD and LS BMC (p
Author: Gerard Hornstra Publisher: Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers ISBN: 380557780X Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 273
Book Description
Maternal nutritional status affects the offsprings health development significantly during early embryogenesis, pregnancy, birth and lactation, and subsequently determines health during growth and even throughout adulthood. On the other end of the human lifetime scale, the importance of maternal nutrition expands into the time period before conception: Pre-conception nutritional status not only influences fertility, but also embryogenesis and life-long health. Predisposition for coronary heart diseases, Type-2 diabetes mellitus, and hypertension can be caused by intrauterine adaptations to fetal malnutrition. Hence, optimizing nutrition for women during their reproductive period can be expected to have a great impact on the well being of the next generation. This workshop dealt with the effects of maternal nutrition on fetal growth, metabolic programming, energy and nutrient requirements, as well as under- and over-nutrition during pregnancy. Finally, it addressed the question of whether a distinct diet during pregnancy could reduce food allergy in the progeny. This book is a valuable and complete source of knowledge for all professionals involved in pediatrics, nutrition policy, womens health, immunology, epidemiology and public health.
Author: Leanne M. Redman Publisher: MDPI ISBN: 3039280546 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 238
Book Description
Pregnancy is a viewed as a window to future health. With the birth of the developmental origins of human adult disease hypothesis, research and clinical practice has turned its attention to the influence of maternal factors such as health and lifestyle surrounding pregnancy as a means to understand and prevent the inter-generational inheritance of chronic disease susceptibility. Outcomes during pregnancy have long-lasting impacts on both women on children. Moreover, nutrition early in life can influence growth and the establishment of lifelong eating habits and behaviors. This Special Issue on “Nutrition during Pregnancy and Lactation: Implications for Maternal and Infant Health” is intended to highlight new epidemiological, mechanistic and interventional studies that investigate maternal nutrition around the pregnancy period on maternal and infant outcomes. Submissions may include original research, narrative reviews, and systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
Author: Tatiana Toro-Ramos Publisher: ISBN: Category : Body composition Languages : en Pages : 163
Book Description
The assessment of body composition requires the use of techniques that can accurately detect changes in total body water (TBW), and the accuracy of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) during pregnancy has been questioned. However, BIA was found to estimate TBW reliably during pregnancy. Previous studies of body composition during pregnancy suggest that the fat free mass (FFM) component of gestational weight gain (GWG) might be more important towards the end of gestation for fetal development while others suggest that the general GWG during mid-pregnancy is more important. Such associations are unclear regarding the components of GWG during the second trimester of gestation, particularly fat mass (FM). Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the use of segmental BIA with whole body BIA and assess the relationship between maternal FM and fetal growth and birth weight. This study further sought to analyze the fatty acid composition of breast milk from a subsample of women with premature infants and their cognitive and linguistic development. Based on the experiments of this research, there was a high level of disagreement between segmental and whole body BIA, where FFM was underestimated and FM overestimated by segmental BIA. With the use of whole body BIA, FM was significantly related to fetal growth and birth weight. In the subsample of women with preterm babies, the concentration of essential and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids was optimal, and we did not find any developmental delays in these children at 1yr. In conclusion, further studies need to verify our findings in this and other populations. As the Brazilian diet transitions into a Westernized one and the prevalence of obesity increases, the study of maternal diet, body composition, and breast milk quality is more important now than ever.
Author: Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition Publisher: The Stationery Office ISBN: 9780108510649 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 196
Book Description
In this final report on the 'The influence of maternal, fetal and child nutrition on the development of chronic disease in later life', the Subgroup on Maternal and Child Nutrition (SMCN) reviews the evidence that early life nutrition exerts long-term effects and influences the risk of chronic disease in adulthood, bringing together findings from both observational and experimental studies, and considering implications for maternal and child nutrition in the UK. SACN concludes that there is cause for concern about the later health consequences of compromised or excessive nutrient supply during early fetal and infant life. It notes that in the context of reproduction, the impact of current dietary patterns on women and girls is of particular concern, and considers that improving the nutritional status of women of childbearing age, infants and young children has the potential to improve the health of future generations. The Committee also offers recommendations for future research in this area, particularly emphasising the need for data which better characterise dietary patterns and patterns of pre and postnatal growth.
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309679273 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 203
Book Description
The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine last reviewed the state of the science on nutrition during pregnancy and lactation 30 years ago. The resulting consensus study reports from the Institute of Medicineâ€"Nutrition During Pregnancy (IOM, 1990) and Nutrition During Lactation (IOM, 1991)â€"summarized the scientific evidence and provided nutrient recommendations. In the decades since the release of these two reports, the body of evidence on the relationships between nutrition during pregnancy and lactation and maternal and infant health and chronic disease has continued to grow and evolve. At the same time, the demographics of the population have shifted, giving rise to new considerations. To explore the evidence that has emerged, the National Academies conducted a 2-day workshop in January 2020. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.
Author: Michael E. Symonds Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 0521887097 Category : Family & Relationships Languages : en Pages : 217
Book Description
With the aim to improve clinicians' understanding of the important effects nutrition can have on maternal health and fetal and neonatal development, Maternal-Fetal Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation defines the nutritional requirements with regard to the stage of development and growth, placing scientific developments into clinical context.
Author: Institute of Medicine Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309043913 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 326
Book Description
On the basis of a comprehensive literature review and analysis, Nutrition During Lactation points out specific directions for needed research in understanding the relationship between the nutrition of healthy mothers and the outcomes of lactation. Of widest interest are the committee's clear-cut recommendations for mothers and health care providers. The volume presents data on who among U.S. mothers is breastfeeding, a critical evaluation of methods for assessing the nutritional status of lactating women, and an analysis of how to relate the mother's nutrition to the volume and composition of the milk. Available data on the links between a mother's nutrition and the nutrition and growth of her infant and current information on the risk of transmission through breastfeeding of allergic diseases, environmental toxins, and certain viruses (including the HIV virus) are included. Nutrition During Lactation also studies the effects of maternal cigarette smoking, drug use, and alcohol consumption.
Author: Melanie Joy Bopp
Author: Gerard Hornstra
Author: Leanne M. Redman
Author: Tatiana Toro-Ramos
Author: Megan Ann McCrory
Author: Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Author: Geneviève Thérèse Courant
Author: Michael E. Symonds
Author: Institute of Medicine