Effects of Carbohydrate + Protein Co-ingestion During and Following Exercise on Cardiovascular Adaptations and Exercise Tolerance During Intensified Cycle Training PDF Download

Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Carbohydrates
Languages : en
Pages : 58

View

Book Description
Introduction: This study investigated the effects of carbohydrate and protein (CHO+Pro) supplementation during intensified training on cardiovascular adaptations and cycling performance. Methods: Five cyclists (VO2peak = 62.6 ± 10.7 ml/kg/min) performed two 27-day training protocols while receiving either CHO or CHO+Pro supplements. The exercise protocols consisted of 7 days of normal training (NT), 10 days of intensified cycle training (ICT; 100% increase in average training duration versus NT), and 10 days of reduced volume training (RVT; reduction in training duration to 60% of NT). Performance was assessed by a 30-km time trial following 120 min of constant-load cycling and VO2peak testing. Other physiological measures were assessed at rest (heart rate, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and albumin) and during exercise (heart rate, ventilation, RER, RPE, VO2, glucose, and lactate). Supplements were consumed during exercise (750 ml·hr-1; CHO = 6% concentration; CHO+PRO = 6% CHO, 2% Pro concentrations) and immediately following exercise (9.93 ml of fluid·kg BW- 1; CHO = 1.2 g CHO·kg BW-1; CHO+PRO = 1.2 g CHO·kg BW-1 + 0.3 g Pro·kg BW-1). Data was analyzed using magnitude-based inferences. Results: Time to complete the 30-km TT and average TT power were 'likely' impaired following ICT, with no differences between treatments. Following RVT, time to complete the 30-km TT and average TT power were 'likely' improved versus ICT, with no differences between treatments. Between NT and ICT constant-load HR significantly decreased (independent of treatment), with a 'very likely' larger reduction with CHO+Pro (135±13 bpm to 128±10 bpm) versus CHO (133±15 bpm to 132±13 bpm). Between NT and RVT, constant-load HR also 'very likely' declined to a greater extent with CHO+Pro (135±13 bpm to 132±14) than with CHO (133±15 to 138±16 bpm). Serum albumin was 'likely' increased following ICT and RVT (independent of treatment), but differences between treatments were 'unclear'. Conclusion: These findings suggest exercising heart rates in well trained-cyclists are attenuated with carbohydrate and protein supplementation, although the cause of the reduced in HR is unclear. In addition, the implications of these findings require further study, as overall exercise tolerance and adaptations following intensified training were similar to those observed with carbohydrate supplementation.

Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Carbohydrates
Languages : en
Pages : 83

View

Book Description
Previous studies show that carbohydrate-protein (CP) ingestion can enhance short-term recovery following exercise, thereby benefiting subsequent exercise performance and compounding physiological parameters, when compared to carbohydrate (CHO) alone. Less is known about the influence that CP supplementation may have over a long-term intervention (several days/weeks). The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether CP supplementation was effective in improving tolerance to a period of intensified training (IT), compared to CHO. Additionally, the influence of CP on recovery/ adaptation to a period of IT followed by a period of reduced volume training (RVT) was examined. Eight endurance-trained cyclists (age: 24.9±7.3 years, weight: 71.8±11.5 kg, VO2max: 63.4±7.9 ml/kg/min) completed two independent training phases, each with a 10 day period of IT, followed by a 10 day period of RVT. CHO supplementation was provided during (45 g/hr) and immediately following (1.2 g/kgBW) all exercise sessions in one phase, whereas CP treatments was provided throughout the other phase (45gCHO/hr + 15gPRO/hr during; 1.2gCHO/kgBW + 0.3gPRO/kgBW post). The impact of IT on cycling performance was 'unclear' (60 ± 210 sec), with an 'unclear' treatment effect. CP 'likely' preserved whole muscle function throughout IT, compared to CHO. Whole muscle size was 'possibly' maintained throughout IT with CP, compared to CHO. While CHO 'likely' increased MHC IIa CSA following IT, CP 'likely' increased MHC IIa CSA following RVT, compared to their respective treatments. Throughout a period of IT, CP supplementation may preserve whole muscle size and function, compared to CHO. However, CP minimally affected changes in cycling performance and muscle fiber size following IT.

Author: Lisa Ferguson Stegall
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 690

View

Book Description
Recent research suggests that adding protein (PRO) to a carbohydrate (CHO) supplement can have substantial benefits for endurance exercise performance and recovery beyond that of CHO alone. CHO+PRO supplements are often commercially available formulations consisting of carbohydrates (dextrose, maltodextrin) and whey protein. The effects of a supplement containing moderate protein and a low-CHO mixture on endurance performance has not been investigated. Also, the effects of CHO+PRO supplementation in the form of a natural food, flavored milk, on measures of recovery from acute endurance exercise, as well as on chronic aerobic exercise training adaptations, have not been characterized. Therefore, in this series of four studies, the effects of CHO+PRO supplementation on the following areas of endurance exercise performance, recovery, and adaptation are investigated: acute endurance exercise performance, inflammatory and muscle damage markers, muscle glycogen resynthesis, activation of signaling proteins involved in the initiation of protein synthesis and degradation, subsequent endurance exercise performance, and chronic aerobic training adaptations (maximal oxygen consumption, oxidative enzyme activity, body composition, immune cell levels, and inflammatory markers). Study 1 demonstrated that a supplement containing a low-CHO mixture plus moderate protein significantly improved aerobic endurance when cycling at or below the ventilatory threshold, despite containing 50% less CHO and 30% fewer calories relative to a higher CHO beverage. Study 2 demonstrated that CHO+PRO supplementation in the form of chocolate milk (CM) is an effective post-exercise supplement that can improve subsequent performance and provide a greater intracellular signaling stimulus for protein synthesis compared to CHO and placebo. Study 3 found that post-exercise CM supplementation during 4.5 wks of aerobic exercise training improves the magnitude of cardiovascular adaptations more effectively than isocaloric CHO or placebo, while the fourth study demonstrated that post-exercise CM supplementation during 4.5 wks of aerobic training improves body composition more effectively than isocaloric CHO or placebo. The fourth study also demonstrated that 4.5 wks of training does not appear to perturb resting immune cell concentrations or markers of inflammation and muscle damage. Taken together, the results of this research series suggest that CHO+PRO supplementation extends endurance performance, improves recovery, and increases training adaptations more effectively than CHO or placebo.

Author: Susan A. Lanham-New
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1444344889
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 582

View

Book Description
Please note that digital editions do not include all the illustrations found in the printed book. Now widely adopted on courses throughout the world, the prestigious Nutrition Society Textbook series provides students with the scientific basics in nutrition in the context of a systems and disease approach rather than on a nutrient by nutrient basis. In addition books provide a means to enable teachers and students to explore the core principles of nutrition and to apply these throughout their training to foster critical thinking at all times. This NS Textbook on Sport and Exercise Nutrition has been written to cover the latest information on the science and practice of sport and exercise nutrition. A key concept behind this textbook is that it aims to combine the viewpoints of world leading nutrition experts from both academia/research and a practical stand point. Plus where necessary there are additional practitioner based authors to ensure theory is translated into practice for each chapter in the form of either ‘practice tips' or ‘information sheets' at the end of relevant chapters. The textbook in essence can be divided into three distinct but integrated parts: Part 1: covers the key components of the science that supports the practice of sport and exercise nutrition including comprehensive reviews on: nutrients both in general and as exercise fuels; exercise physiology; hydration, micronutrients; and supplements. Part 2: moves into focusing on specific nutrition strategies to support different types of training including: resistance; power/sprint; middle distance/speed endurance; endurance; technical/skill, team; and specific competition nutrition needs. The unique format of this textbook is that it breaks down nutrition support into training specific as opposed to the traditional sport specific support. This reflects the majority of current sport and exercise requirements of the need to undertake concurrent training and therefore facilitating targeted nutrition support to the different training components through the various macro and micro training cycles. Part 3: explores some of the practical issues encountered in working in the sport and exercise nutrition field and includes key sport related topics such as: disability sport; weight management; eating disorders; bone and gut health; immunity; injury; travel; and special populations and situations. READERSHIP: Students of nutrition and dietetics at both undergraduate and postgraduate level. All those working in the field of nutrition and related health sciences.

Author: Wanyi Wang (M.S. in Kinesiology)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 492

View

Book Description
Resistance exercise (RE) is purported to induce muscle protein accretion primarily by stimulating muscle protein synthesis (MPS), with its effect potentiated by providing a protein or amino acid (AA) supplement post exercise. Glutamine, a conditionally essential AA, is increasingly recommended to improve exercise performance, but it is poorly soluble and unstable in sports drinks. This limitation can be overcome by combining L-glutamine with L-alanine to form a dipeptide (AlaGln). The first study demonstrated that AlaGln supplementation post resistance exercise significantly reduced the phosphorylation of AMPK and NF-kB p65 without activating intracellular signals for MPS. This study also showed that whey protein (WP) activated the mTOR signaling pathways without affecting signaling proteins that controls muscle protein breakdown (MPB). The results provide indirect evidence that AlaGln blocks MPB via suppressing the activation of AMPK-FOXO3A and NF-kB p65, while WP promotes MPS. Recent research suggests that adding carbohydrate (CHO) to a protein supplement post exercise can produce greater protein accretion and subsequently increase the magnitude of resistance training adaptation relative to protein supplementation alone. Early studies from our laboratory found that co-ingestion of CHO and protein, as compared with CHO or protein intake individually, had a greater effect on the activation of anabolic signaling proteins. However, the effect of CHO plus protein on MPS and muscle adaptation is controversial. The second study demonstrated that adding CHO to a protein supplement (CP) accelerated MPS via activating the mTOR-signaling pathway in comparison with placebo (PLA) and WP during early exercise recovery, but CP did not affect signaling proteins that regulate MPB. The third study found that CP enhanced muscle strength relative to PLA and WP. The greater strength development in CP appeared due to increased myofibrillar protein content. Increased muscle hypertrophy occurred without an increase in myonuclei suggesting satellite cell activation was not required for muscle fiber development. Taken together, the results of this series of studies suggest that 1) AlaGln inhibits MPB following acute RE; 2) Adding CHO to a protein supplement accelerates muscle recovery by stimulating MPS, and increases the magnitude of muscle strength by accumulating more myofibrillar protein in comparison with PLA and WP.

Author: Sheri R. Colberg
Publisher: American Diabetes Association
ISBN: 158040507X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 554

View

Book Description
Physical movement has a positive effect on physical fitness, morbidity, and mortality in individuals with diabetes. Although exercise has long been considered a cornerstone of diabetes management, many health care providers fail to prescribe it. In addition, many fitness professionals may be unaware of the complexities of including physical activity in the management of diabetes. Giving patients or clients a full exercise prescription that take other chronic conditions commonly accompanying diabetes into account may be too time-consuming for or beyond the expertise of many health care and fitness professionals. The purpose of this book is to cover the recommended types and quantities of physical activities that can and should be undertaken by all individuals with any type of diabetes, along with precautions related to medication use and diabetes-related health complications. Medications used to control diabetes should augment lifestyle improvements like increased daily physical activity rather than replace them. Up until now, professional books with exercise information and prescriptions were not timely or interactive enough to easily provide busy professionals with access to the latest recommendations for each unique patient. However, simply instructing patients to “exercise more” is frequently not motivating or informative enough to get them regularly or safely active. This book is changing all that with its up-to-date and easy-to-prescribe exercise and physical activity recommendations and relevant case studies. Read and learn to quickly prescribe effective and appropriate exercise to everyone.

Author: Kelly Pritchett
Publisher: MDPI
ISBN: 3038426261
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 529

View

Book Description
This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Nutrition, Health and Athletic Performance" that was published in Nutrients

Author: Manfred Lamprecht
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1466567570
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 304

View

Book Description
The use of antioxidants in sports is controversial due to existing evidence that they both support and hinder athletic performance. Antioxidants in Sport Nutrition covers antioxidant use in the athlete ́s basic nutrition and discusses the controversies surrounding the usefulness of antioxidant supplementation. The book also stresses how antioxidants may affect immunity, health, and exercise performance. The book contains scientifically based chapters explaining the basic mechanisms of exercise-induced oxidative damage. Also covered are methodological approaches to assess the effectiveness of antioxidant treatment. Biomarkers are discussed as a method to estimate the bioefficacy of dietary/supplemental antioxidants in sports. This book is useful for sport nutrition scientists, physicians, exercise physiologists, product developers, sport practitioners, coaches, top athletes, and recreational athletes. In it, they will find objective information and practical guidance.

Author: J. R. Poortmans
Publisher: Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers
ISBN: 3805576072
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 315

View

Book Description
This unique volume provides a comprehensive review of the biochemistry of exercise. Written by internationally renowned experts, the publication has been completely revised and updated. The present edition follows the new concepts of applied biochemistry which have emerged recently in the scientific literature. Genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are nowadays common terms used to the elucidation of gene function, expression of proteins and comprehensive analysis of all the metabolites in a tissue. The major steps of biochemistry are considered in active survey in this new 3rd edition of an already acclaimed publication. The book is a valuable source for all exercise biochemists and physiologists, sports physicians, graduate students in physical education and physical therapy, and postgraduate research fellows.

Author: Brandon McKinlay
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0

View

Book Description
The overall purpose of this thesis was to examine the role of post-exercise dairy protein consumption (isolated and whole-food) on recovery indices (performance and muscle damage) and inflammation following intense exercise within the context of different ecologically valid sporting environments, i.e., acute competition and a short-term period of intensified training, in competitive youth athletes. For this, two studies were conducted. Study 1 (Chapter 3) investigated the effect of whey protein consumption following a high-intensity interval swim session (HIIS) among adolescent swimmers on subsequent performance, muscle soreness, plasma creatine kinase and inflammatory cytokines, compared with isoenergetic carbohydrate and flavoured water in the acute (0-8 h) and short-term (8-24 h) recovery periods. Study 2 (Chapter 4) examined the effects of increased protein consumption, via plain Greek yogurt, compared with an isoenergetic carbohydrate control on performance recovery, inflammation, and muscle damage, during a 5-day simulated soccer training camp in competitive adolescent female soccer players. The collective findings indicate that during both acute and short-term periods of intensified exercise, the provision of dairy protein regardless of form (isolated or whole food), provided no added benefit at enhancing performance recovery or ameliorating muscle damage above that of energy matched carbohydrates. However, it does appear that the consumption of calories, regardless of type (e.g., carbohydrates or dairy protein), when rapid recovery is required, offers greater performance retainment than water. Therefore, during periods of intensified exercise that may be accompanied by inadequate recovery, the replenishment of energy should be the primary focus. Further, in both studies the consumption of dairy protein following exercise leads to an augmented anti-inflammatory response (i.e., increased IL10), not observed in the control conditions (i.e., water or energy-matched carbohydrates). Thus, it is possible that dairy protein consumption post-exercise may benefit the acute immune response. This possibility requires further study.