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Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Ractopamine is a repartitioning agent that can increase muscle growth and has led to our interest in determining the mechanisms involved in enhancing muscle growth. Therefore, three studies were conducted to determine the impact of ractopamine on growth in cattle. The first experiment evaluated the impact of increasing metabolizable protein supply to finishing heifers fed ractopamine. Three different diets were fed to increase the amount of metabolizable protein reaching the small intestine, and the diets contained urea, solvent soybean meal, or expeller soybean meal as the primary supplemental protein source. From this study it was determined that increasing metabolizable protein supply above that present in typical feedlot diets containing urea and steam-flaked corn is not necessary to improve responsiveness to ractopamine. The second experiment evaluated the effect of feeding ractopamine to growing Holstein steers implanted with trenbolone acetate/estradiol. Half of the steers were implanted 28 days prior to all steers receiving ractopamine for the final 28 days; this model represents an intense implant program. The mode of action of the ractopamine and of steroidal implants was different based on their different effects on serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and longissimus expression of IGF-I mRNA. Additionally, administering a combination of the two growth promotants, based on nitrogen retention, yields a less than additive response using our model of growing Holstein steers. The third study was conducted to evaluate the differential response to ractopamine of implanted, finishing steers and heifers. Treatments were steer vs. heifer and 0 vs. 200 mg/d ractopamine fed for the final 28 days. This study attempted to address some questions generated from the previous study, which were how serum and local tissue production of IGF-I are affected by ractopamine. Ractopamine had different effects on serum IGF-I between steers and heifers and numerically increased IGF-I mRNA abundance in longissimus and biceps femoris muscles. Additionally, ractopamine impacted protein turnover differently in different muscles and changed myosin heavy chain IIA expression. The effect of ractopamine on IGF-I warrants more research. These experiments aid in our understanding of the mode of action of ractopamine in cattle.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Ractopamine is a repartitioning agent that can increase muscle growth and has led to our interest in determining the mechanisms involved in enhancing muscle growth. Therefore, three studies were conducted to determine the impact of ractopamine on growth in cattle. The first experiment evaluated the impact of increasing metabolizable protein supply to finishing heifers fed ractopamine. Three different diets were fed to increase the amount of metabolizable protein reaching the small intestine, and the diets contained urea, solvent soybean meal, or expeller soybean meal as the primary supplemental protein source. From this study it was determined that increasing metabolizable protein supply above that present in typical feedlot diets containing urea and steam-flaked corn is not necessary to improve responsiveness to ractopamine. The second experiment evaluated the effect of feeding ractopamine to growing Holstein steers implanted with trenbolone acetate/estradiol. Half of the steers were implanted 28 days prior to all steers receiving ractopamine for the final 28 days; this model represents an intense implant program. The mode of action of the ractopamine and of steroidal implants was different based on their different effects on serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and longissimus expression of IGF-I mRNA. Additionally, administering a combination of the two growth promotants, based on nitrogen retention, yields a less than additive response using our model of growing Holstein steers. The third study was conducted to evaluate the differential response to ractopamine of implanted, finishing steers and heifers. Treatments were steer vs. heifer and 0 vs. 200 mg/d ractopamine fed for the final 28 days. This study attempted to address some questions generated from the previous study, which were how serum and local tissue production of IGF-I are affected by ractopamine. Ractopamine had different effects on serum IGF-I between steers and heifers and numerically increased IGF-I mRNA abundance in longissimus and biceps femoris muscles. Additionally, ractopamine impacted protein turnover differently in different muscles and changed myosin heavy chain IIA expression. The effect of ractopamine on IGF-I warrants more research. These experiments aid in our understanding of the mode of action of ractopamine in cattle.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309168643 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 286
Book Description
Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs discusses the need for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to implement a new method for estimating the amount of ammonia, nitrous oxide, methane, and other pollutants emitted from livestock and poultry farms, and for determining how these emissions are dispersed in the atmosphere. The committee calls for the EPA and the U.S. Department of Agriculture to establish a joint council to coordinate and oversee short - and long-term research to estimate emissions from animal feeding operations accurately and to develop mitigation strategies. Their recommendation was for the joint council to focus its efforts first on those pollutants that pose the greatest risk to the environment and public health.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies ISBN: 0309049970 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 94
Book Description
In the past decade, animal scientists have learned that administering recombinantly derived somatotropin (growth hormone) to cows improves milk production and that giving beta-adrenergic agonists to meat animals improves productivity and leanness. In order for these metabolic modifiers to yield benefits, however, sound management of the animals' nutrition is necessary. This volume reports on how these substances work in the animals' metabolism, what effects they might have on nutrient requirements of domestic livestock, and what information should be developed further by investigators. The book explores the current understanding of the biology, structure, mechanisms of action, and treatment effects of somatotropin, beta-adrenergic agonists, and anabolic steroids. A companion volume to the Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals series, this authoritative volume will be required reading for animal scientists, researchers, veterinarians, livestock farmers, and faculty and students in university animal veterinary science programs.
Author: Jeffrey D. Berry Publisher: ISBN: 9781124451152 Category : Adrenergic beta agonists Languages : en Pages : 42
Book Description
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance and reproductive effects of feeding ractopamine hydrochloride (RH); Opti-flex, to primiparous lactating beef cows. Ninety, two-year-old lactating crossbred cows were used in accordance with the University of Wyoming Animal Care and Use Committee. Cows were stratified and blocked by days postpartum (71±3.3), body weight (419.5±4.8), and body condition score (4.65±0.064) in a randomized complete block design to either a control diet (CON) consisting of 0.9 kg/hd/d finely ground corn and ad libitum brome grass hay, or a treatment diet (OPT) consisting of the control diet plus 200 mg/hd/d of RH. The experiment began on day 0 when the cows received supplementation with RH for the first time. Treatment ended on d 40. Blood samples were taken twice weekly to measure circulating concentrations of NEFA and progesterone. Estrous behavior was observed and pregnancy data was collected. A subset of 40 cows was ultrasounded at the time of AI to determine the size of the dominant follicle and another subset of 50 cows was ultrasounded to determine loin muscle area (LM), backfat thickness (BF), and intramuscular fat score (IMF). The mean value of all NEFA samples taken was higher in the CON group (P
Author: Alexander N. Hristov Publisher: CABI Publishing ISBN: 9780851990132 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 288
Book Description
Interactions between Cattle and the Environment: a General Introduction; Nitrogen Requirements of Cattle; Nitrogen Metabolism in the RUlDen; Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Nitrogen Utilization in the RUlDen; Whole-anilnal Nitrogen Balance in Cattle Phosphorus Metabolism in the RUlDen; Phosphorus Metabolism in Rwninants and Requirements of Cattle; Etfects ofDietary Phosphorus and Nitrogen on Cattle Reproduction; lnproving the EfficielicY cifNutrient Use on Cattle Operations.
Author: Danielle Laura Glanc Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
A high moisture corn/soybean meal-based finishing ration was used to examine the effects of roughage source (corn silage, alfalfa hay), level of dietary roughage (8, 16, 24%), and ractopamine supplementation (none, Optaflexx) on growth performance, carcass traits, and beef quality for finishing 108 steers and 24 heifers (initial BW = 308 kg). Cattle were allocated by gender to 12 management regimen subclasses. Optaflexx (trade name for ractopamine hydrochloride) was fed over the last 28 d on feed with cattle marketed after common days on feed. Growth performance (ADG, feed intake, and feed efficiency) and carcass traits were assessed on an individual animal basis. A primal rib and semitendinosus (ST) muscle from each animal were processed at the University of Guelph Meat Laboratory for carcass and meat quality evaluations. Tenderness was determined using shear force assessment of product aged 7, 14, and 21 d. Average daily gains were similar (P > 0.27) across main effects while use of corn silage as the roughage source decreased (P 0.001) dry matter intake and improved (P 0.001) feed efficiency compared to feeding alfalfa hay. Roughage level and beta agonist supplementation did not affect (P 0.13) dry matter intake or feed efficiency. When the last 28 days on feed were examined, Optaflexx supplementation increased (P 0.001) weight change, ADG, and improved feed conversion, while DMI remained unchanged (P 0.373). Carcass traits including hot carcass weight, grade fat, longissimus muscle area, marbling, and body composition as assessed by rib dissection (% lean, fat, bone) were not affected (P 0.14) by roughage level, source, or use of Optaflexx. Fat partitioning and liver abscess scores were unaffected (P > 0.09) by source and level of roughage fed, and use of Optaflexx. Source and level of dietary roughage did not affect color (P > 0.21) or shear force (P > 0.20) values for longissimus (LM) and semitendinosus (ST) steaks. Lower DMI and better feed conversion can be achieved using corn silage as the roughage source, while inclusion of up to 24% roughage in finishing diets may not negatively impact gains, carcass characteristics or beef quality. Beef producers may be able to increase amounts of roughage in the diet to lower cost of production without compromising growth performance and carcass and meat quality.
Author: John F. Patience Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9086867561 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 264
Book Description
'Feed efficiency in swine' has been prepared as a comprehensive treatise on the current state of our understanding of this topic which is so important to the pork industry. Each chapter is written by international authorities who understand both the science and application of their topic area. The book provides detailed insight into the many factors affecting feed efficiency, ranging from diet processing to herd health, from nutrition to physiology and from day-to-day barn management to the adoption of advanced technologies. The authors explain such practical aspects as the challenge of interpreting feed efficiency information obtained on farm or the role of liquid feeding. The authors also delve into more scientific topics such as amino acid or energy metabolism or animal physiology. This book is written for people who have a technical interest in pork production, including nutritionists, geneticists, farm management specialists, veterinarians, other academics and, of course, pork producers.
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Author: 
Author: National Research Council
Author: National Research Council
Author: Garrett Lloyd Parsons
Author: Jeffrey D. Berry
Author: Alexander N. Hristov
Author: Jamison D. Allen
Author: Danielle Laura Glanc
Author: 
Author: John F. Patience