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Author: Marcos Vinicius Assuncao Publisher: ISBN: Category : Wheat Languages : en Pages : 216
Book Description
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of moisture stress on physiological changes that occur during the vegetative and reproductive stages of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plant, and to relate these effects to seed yield, quality and performance. In a field experiment, different levels of moisture stress were obtained by establishing plots in two rainfall areas, and by planting on three different dates in the dryland area. Seed development and maturation occurred under extreme moisture stress in Moro (254mm annual rainfall), while stress at Corvallis (1020 mm annual rainfall) was low. Plants from the early fall planting were subjected to the most stress because of the greater fall growth which removed much of the soil moisture. Lowest seed yields occurred under the greatest moisture stress conditions, primarily because of a reduced number of seeds per spike. Seed size was the quality component most affected by moisture stress. Smaller seed size was associated with lower soil water potential, higher leaf area index during vegetative growth, and higher specific leaf weight and water soluble carbohydrate content of the plants after anthesis. Water soluble carbohydrate content was particularly high in the rachises of the most severely stressed plants, indicating a reduced rate of translocation to the developing seeds. Embryo weight was also reduced in the more stressed plants in proportioa to the reduction in seed weight. The protein contents of seeds from all three moisture stress levels at Moro were similar. Seeds developed under the most severe water stress had the highest respiratory quotient and lowest glutamic acid decarboxylase activity. The growth rate of seedlings produced by these seeds was 29% lower than that from seeds from the less stressed plots. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effects of water stress under controlled conditions. Plants were grown under three moisture regimes (600, 300 and 150 ml water/pot/day) from the time awns were first visible on the main stem until maturity. Water-stressed plants had smaller leaf area and leaf dry weight, higher specific leaf weight, earlier leaf senescence, lower dry weight, and lower seed yield. On the other hand, water-stressed plants produced larger seeds, with heavier embryos, higher protein content, lower CO2 evolution and lower respiratory quotient. These seeds in turn produced seedlings with greater vigor in terms of seedling growth rate. Because of the compensation ability of the wheat plant, development of management practices to decrease certain yield components in favor of enhanced seed quality is worthy of further study.
Author: Marcos Vinicius Assuncao Publisher: ISBN: Category : Wheat Languages : en Pages : 216
Book Description
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of moisture stress on physiological changes that occur during the vegetative and reproductive stages of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plant, and to relate these effects to seed yield, quality and performance. In a field experiment, different levels of moisture stress were obtained by establishing plots in two rainfall areas, and by planting on three different dates in the dryland area. Seed development and maturation occurred under extreme moisture stress in Moro (254mm annual rainfall), while stress at Corvallis (1020 mm annual rainfall) was low. Plants from the early fall planting were subjected to the most stress because of the greater fall growth which removed much of the soil moisture. Lowest seed yields occurred under the greatest moisture stress conditions, primarily because of a reduced number of seeds per spike. Seed size was the quality component most affected by moisture stress. Smaller seed size was associated with lower soil water potential, higher leaf area index during vegetative growth, and higher specific leaf weight and water soluble carbohydrate content of the plants after anthesis. Water soluble carbohydrate content was particularly high in the rachises of the most severely stressed plants, indicating a reduced rate of translocation to the developing seeds. Embryo weight was also reduced in the more stressed plants in proportioa to the reduction in seed weight. The protein contents of seeds from all three moisture stress levels at Moro were similar. Seeds developed under the most severe water stress had the highest respiratory quotient and lowest glutamic acid decarboxylase activity. The growth rate of seedlings produced by these seeds was 29% lower than that from seeds from the less stressed plots. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effects of water stress under controlled conditions. Plants were grown under three moisture regimes (600, 300 and 150 ml water/pot/day) from the time awns were first visible on the main stem until maturity. Water-stressed plants had smaller leaf area and leaf dry weight, higher specific leaf weight, earlier leaf senescence, lower dry weight, and lower seed yield. On the other hand, water-stressed plants produced larger seeds, with heavier embryos, higher protein content, lower CO2 evolution and lower respiratory quotient. These seeds in turn produced seedlings with greater vigor in terms of seedling growth rate. Because of the compensation ability of the wheat plant, development of management practices to decrease certain yield components in favor of enhanced seed quality is worthy of further study.
Author: M. V. Assuncao Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 108
Book Description
Dois experimentos foram conduzidos para determinar o efeito do estresse de umidade sobre as mudancas fisiologicas que ocorrem durante os estagios vegetativos e reprodutivos do trigo (Triticum aestivum L.), e relacionar estes efeitos a producao, qualidade e desempenho da semente.
Author: Eric Lichtfouse Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9400701861 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 360
Book Description
Sustainable agriculture is a rapidly growing field aiming at producing food and energy in a sustainable way for our children. This discipline addresses current issues such as climate change, increasing food and fuel prices, starvation, obesity, water pollution, soil erosion, fertility loss, pest control and biodiversity depletion. Novel solutions are proposed based on integrated knowledge from agronomy, soil science, molecular biology, chemistry, toxicology, ecology, economy, philosophy and social sciences. As actual society issues are now intertwined, sustainable agriculture will bring solutions to build a safer world. This book series analyzes current agricultural issues, and proposes alternative solutions, consequently helping all scientists, decision-makers, professors, farmers and politicians wishing to build safe agriculture, energy and food systems for future generations.
Author: Don Lee Keim Publisher: ISBN: Category : Wheat Languages : en Pages : 294
Book Description
Winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum) were evaluated for their response to water stress and adaptability to a wide range of moisture limited environments. Grain yield was analyzed for ten cultivars at six locations across four years. Regression of the cultivar mean on the year-location mean was used as a measure of the environmental response of a particular cultivar, Plant water status (leaf osmotic potential and water potential) during the grain filling period, along with grain yield and yield components were determined at three locations for fifteen cultivars under space-planted conditions in 1972 and for ten cultivars under solid-seeding in 1973. Five cultivars were evaluated for plant water status and rates of growth during reproductive development and for final grain yield and yield components at a severely stressed location in 1973. Drought resistance, described as yielding ability under severe soil moisture stress, was found to be the result of avoidance, tolerance and escape characteristics. Plant water status influenced the components of yield when their development occurred during a period of high external stress. However, the relative importance of plant water status to final yield varied depending on the magnitude of the direct effect of spike number on yield. Drought avoidance was the ability to maintain a high plant water status when under high external stress conditions. In the cultivar Yamhill, the stable growth rate during inflorescence development and the extended period of grain filling may have resulted from the ability of this cultivar to avoid drought. These characteristics, also, may explain the large spikelet number and the high kernel weight of Yamhill. Even though Hyslop and Wanser had a moderate and high internal water stress, respectively, they were relatively tolerant of stress in terms of high growth rates during the grain filling period. The high yielding ability of Wanser and McDermid under high stress conditions was primarily related to a large number of spikes. This trait was considered an escape characteristic because tillering was established before the onset of severe stress. The club wheats neither avoided or tolerated internal water stress under solid-seeded conditions nor did they have sufficient tillering capacity to compensate for the effect of stress on the laterdeveloped components.of yield. Nugaines, Hyslop and Rew maintained a moderate internal stress during later development but differed in their yield component responses. The yield of Nugaines depended primarily on a high tillering capacity, whereas the yield of Hyslop and Rew depended on a balance of contributions from all the components of yield. Widely adapted cultivars, such as Hyslop and McDermid, not only yielded well under severe stress conditions but had the genetic potential to respond adequately to more favorable moisture conditions. Cultivars specifically, adapted to lower yielding environments, such as Yamhill and Wanser, were able to avoid, tolerate or escape drought but were limited in one or more of their yield component responses to better conditions. Conversely, cultivars specifically adapted to high yielding environments, such as Nugaines and Paha, lacked the ability to consistently yield well under high stress environments but had a high response to more favorable moisture conditions. Cultivars best adapted to dryland cultivation should have the highest yield under stress conditions as expressed through the components of yield by one or a combination of avoidance, tolerance or escape characteristics. These cultivars should also have the maximum expression in, and balance among, the components of yield for maximum response to more favorable moisture conditions. This goal may be obtained by selection in favorable as well as stressed environments and by testing throughout the range of the environments where the cultivar is expected to be grown. Because high yield under stress was found in this study to be manifested through different characteristics of the plant the breeder should be aware of traits which may contribute to drought resistance, but he should not be restricted to a particular ideotype when breeding for yield under conditions of high moisture stress.
Author: Arun K.Shanker Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0128160918 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 600
Book Description
Climate Change and Crop Stress: Molecules to Ecosystems expounds on the transitional period where science has progressed to 'post-genomics' and the gene editing era, putting field performance of crops to the forefront and challenging the production of practical applicability vs. theoretical possibility. Researchers have concentrated efforts on the effects of environmental stress conditions such as drought, heat, salinity, cold, or pathogen infection which can have a devastating impact on plant growth and yield. Designed to deliver information to combat stress both in isolation and through simultaneous crop stresses, this edited compilation provides a comprehensive view on the challenges and impacts of simultaneous stresses. Presents a multidisciplinary view of crop stresses, empowering readers to quickly align their individual experience and perspective with the broader context Combines the mechanistic aspects of stresses with the strategic aspects Presents both abiotic and biotic stresses in a single volume
Author: Ellery Channing Chilcott Publisher: ISBN: Category : Wheat Languages : en Pages : 24
Book Description
"Limited rainfall is the controlling factor in crop production in the Great Plains. The average yields of a series of years can be foretold from the records of past years; but because the rainfall is fluctuating in amount and uncertain in distribution, the yields of a simple year can not be foretold with any certainty. The chances of success are, however, much better when the soil is wet to a considerable depth at seeding time than they are when the soil contains little or no available water at that time. The relation between the amount of water in the soil at seeding time and the yield is much closer with winter wheat than with other crops. This crop should, therefore, be seeded on the best-prepared land and that in which the greatest amount of water is stored. Except in the southern section, the response of winter wheat to summer tillage is greater than that of any other crop. Summer-tilled land should be seeded to winter wheat wherever this crop can be grown. The growth of corn is one of the best preparations for winter wheat, especially north of Kansas. With increase in the length of season and the time between harvest and seeding, there is an increase in the value of early preparation for winter wheat. In the northern section the crop can be replaced with spring wheat without serious loss. In the central section winter wheat has a greater advantage over spring wheat and can not be replaced by the latter without serious loss. In the southern section, winter wheat is less certain and less productive than farther north and can not be replaced by spring wheat. It is, however, profitably raised under favorable conditions of oil, season, and preparation. In this section particularly it should be recognized that the chances of producing a crop are low when it is seeded on land that does not contain water enough in storage to wet the soil to a depth of 3 feet."--Page 2
Author: Marcos Vinicius Assuncao
Author: Marcos Vinicius Assuncao
Author: M. V. Assuncao
Author: James Reed Bunker
Author: Michael Roy Thomas
Author: Eric Lichtfouse
Author: Satya Pal Goel
Author: Don Lee Keim
Author: Leland Everette Call
Author: Arun K.Shanker
Author: Ellery Channing Chilcott