Effect of Level of Feeding on Sow Lactation and Postweaning Reproductive Performance PDF Download

Author: F. X. Aherne
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Lactation
Languages : en
Pages :

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Author: F. X. Aherne
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Lactation
Languages : en
Pages : 26

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Author: Chantal Farmer
Publisher: BRILL
ISBN: 9086868037
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 452

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The last book on the lactating sow was published over 15 years ago. This new book brings us up to date in current knowledge on the gestating and lactating sow. It covers new and important topics such as conditioning of gilts for optimal reproductive performance, feeding high fibre diets to gestating sows and providing various fat sources in gestation and lactation. It also describes the several key success factors to group-housing systems in gestation, which is a must due to the current move towards group-housing. The new concept of transition feeding for sows is discussed, as well as the factors involved in mammary development of gilts and sows, both of which are instrumental for maximum colostrum and/or milk yields. The impact of the human-animal interactions on sow welfare and performance is discussed with focus on new handling practices that could be developed to overbalance the negative interactions inherent to pig management systems. Updates on must-have topics, such as amino acid and energy requirements of sows, colostrum and milk yield and composition, and sow health are also provided. The subjects covered in this book will assist animal scientists, nutritionists, veterinarians and swine producers in learning the most recent information on relevant and current topics affecting sow production, and in knowing which areas are in need of further research efforts.

Author: Yūzō Kōketsu
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 532

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Author: Tai Yuan Chen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Lactation
Languages : en
Pages : 258

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In primiparous sows, feed intake is generally insufficient to meet lactation demands during lactation. Inadequate nutrient supply increases mobilisation of body reserves during lactation and, as a consequence, affect subsequent reproduction. Excessive loss of body reserves during lactation is not only associated with delayed post-weaning oestrus and the size of the subsequent litter, but also increases culling rate and reduces sow longevity and the productivity of the breeding herd. The aim of the thesis was to develop a clear understanding of the impact of a negative energy balance during lactation affects reproductive performance of modern primiparous sows in Australia, and evaluate feeding strategies involving energy manipulations during crucial periods for improving subsequent litter size. In the first study, the associations of sow body weight changes during lactation and the body weight at weaning with subsequent reproductive performance were studied. By minimising body weight loss and maintain adequate body reserves at weaning through the supply of sufficient energy when rearing equal to or less than ten piglets during lactation, the post-weaning reproduction of modern primiparous sows may not be affected. In the second study, the carry-over effects of energy intake during the early antral phase and subsequent follicular phase on follicle recruitment and ovulation rate were assessed using a gilt model. Follicle size at the end of the luteal phase was greater for gilts that were previously fed at a high feed level. During the follicular phase, high feeding increased follicle size at Day 5 and plasma oestradiol concentration. Nevertheless, a low feed level during the luteal phase reduced ovulation rate and the number of embryo, and this was not counteracted by feed level during the follicular phase. Plasma progesterone concentration after ovulation was lower for gilts that were restricted-fed throughout the whole period than for other treatments. These results indicate that undernutrition during early antral follicular development may have a residual effect on follicle recruitment and quality. In the third study, the effects of substituting 1 kg of a standard lactation diet with 1 kg of a sugar-rich or fat-rich diet during late lactation on blood glucose and insulin changes were investigated. The results suggest that a sugar-enriched diet during the last week of lactation elevates circulating glucose and insulin concentrations, and may potentially improve post-weaning fertility in primiparous sows. Therefore, the fourth study investigated the effects of pre-weaning energy substitutions plus post-weaning altrenogest treatment as positive control on follicular development, endocrine characteristics and subsequent litter size in primiparous sows. The weaning-to-ovulation interval tended to be reduced in the sugar-rich treatment, although body weight loss during the treatment period, post-weaning follicle development, plasma oestradiol and pre-weaning leptin did not differ among treatments, except body weight loss was lower and leptin was higher in the altrenogest treatment. Post-ovulatory progesterone concentration in the sugar treatment was higher. Sows in the sugar-rich and altrenogest treatments had a greater proportion of litters with larger litter sizes. The outcome indicates that increasing circulating insulin and glucose concentrations during late lactation or a week of metabolic recovery positively improves subsequent litter size in primiparous sows. Industry will be able to achieve and improvement of reproductive performance by maximising energy intake (using an insulin-stimulating diet) during late lactation, or by post-weaning altrenogest administration for a week for energy restoration. Otherwise, adverse impacts of a negative energy balance during lactation will be carried over into the mating period, and will depress subsequent reproductive performance.

Author: Thomas John Gall
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Sows
Languages : en
Pages : 116

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Author: J. R. Pluske
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Sows
Languages : en
Pages : 42

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Author: B. Close
Publisher: Context Products
ISBN: 9781899043446
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 386

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This book aims to provide information to allow the development of appropriate feeding strategies for sows and boars. In addition to basic scientific knowledge, practical guidelines and indices of reproduction are given, commensurate with good performance, health and welfare. This comprehensive work will be an invaluable source of reference for students, research scientists, veterinarians and all those engaged in practical pig production. The central role of nutrition in the reproduction of farm animals has long been recognised. In the last two decades there have been considerable advances in our knowledge of sow and boar nutrition which has allowed the development of effective feeding strategies. Such progress will continue in order to meet the demands of ever-increasing product targets. Contents Preface Introduction The pre-breeding gilt Energy: responses and requirements Protein and amino acids Minerals Vitamins Water provision Appetite Diets

Author: Julia Perrine Holen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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This dissertation is comprised of 5 chapters consisting of a review of literature on branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) in lactation diets, a meta-regression analysis to evaluate the effects of BCAA on sow and litter growth performance, evaluation of the effects of essential fatty acids (EFA) in lactating sow diets on sow reproductive performance, colostrum and milk composition, and piglet survivability, supplementation of fat sources and pre-farrow EFA intake on lactating sow performance and EFA status, and the effects of increasing soybean meal in corn-based diets on growth performance of late finishing pigs. Chapter 1 presents a review of the literature on the effects of BCAA on sow mammary gland metabolism, colostrum and milk composition, and sow and litter performance. Chapter 2 describes a meta-regression analysis conducted to evaluate the effects of BCAA and their interactions in lactating sow diets to predict litter growth performance, sow bodyweight change, and sow feed intake. The results suggest that Ile, Leu, and Val play an important role in litter growth, sow bodyweight change, and sow feed intake during lactation; however, the influence of BCAA on these criteria is much smaller than that of other dietary components such as net energy, SID Lys, sow average daily feed intake, and crude protein. In Chapter 3, mixed-parity sows and their litters were used to evaluate the effects of EFA intake on sow reproductive performance, piglet growth and survivability, and colostrum and milk composition. Overall, sows consuming high EFA produced litters with heavier piglet weaning weights and greater litter average daily gain (ADG) when compared to litters from sows fed diets with low EFA. However, there was no impact of sow EFA intake on piglet survivability or subsequent sow reproductive performance. Chapter 4 describes a study evaluating the effects of supplemental fat sources and pre-farrow EFA intake on lactating sow and litter performance and EFA composition of colostrum, milk, and adipose tissue. The results suggest that providing dietary fat sources with high concentrations of EFA can increase colostrum linoleic acid and [alpha]-linolenic acid concentrations that are maintained throughout lactation. However, the changes in colostrum and milk composition did not alter litter growth performance in this experiment. Lastly, Chapter 5 presents three experiments that were conducted to determine the effects of increasing soybean meal levels in replacement of feed-grade amino acids in corn-based diets on growth performance of late finishing pigs raised in commercial facilities. The combined results of the three experiments suggest that inclusion at least 4 to 8% dietary SBM at the expense of feed-grade amino acids in corn-based diets with or without grain co-products can improve growth performance of late-finishing pigs.

Author: Abigail Loucks
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Throughout gestation, sows and gilts become increasingly sensitive to changes in nutrition. During late gestation, growth of the developing offspring and mammary tissue require an increasing portion of consumed nutrition. To date, very little research has been conducted regarding the nutritional needs of the gestating sow. Due to this lack of research, the importance of sow nutrition is not well understood. Often, the removal of nutritionally complex, expensive ingredients such as soybean meal occur without consideration of potential ramifications. Soybean meal has been traditionally regarded as a complex and complete source of nutrition for pigs, providing balanced amino acids, and important micronutrients. Inadequate amino acid intake, such as lysine, during late gestation may result in impaired growth, and a decreased ability to fight infectious diseases (Liao et al., 2015). Similarly, lack of energy intake by the sow during late gestation causes sows to lose significant body energy reserves, which can lead to longer wean to estrus intervals, decreased longevity in the reproductive herd, and lower offspring birth weights. Without a proper investigation into the potential implications of new feeding strategies, sow and offspring health and performance may suffer. Therefore, the objective of the experiment presented in this thesis was to investigate the effects of feeding variable inclusion rates of traditional soybean meal in the late gestation diets of sows on both sow reproductive and offspring growth performance. In this experiment, sows were assigned to one of four diets two weeks prior to farrowing: A (n=13; 0% SBM, 13.5% crude protein (CP)), B (n=16; 10% SBM, 13.5% CP), C (n=17; 30% SBM, 21.5% CP), D (n=17; 0% SBM, 21.5% CP). At farrowing, total born (TB), born alive (BA), mummies (MM), stillborn (SB), and birth weights (BW) were recorded. To evaluate the impact of transition diets on piglet growth performance, individual piglet weights were recorded periodically from birth through four weeks post weaning. No significant effect of SBM inclusion was observed for MM, SB, or BW (P > 0.28). A numerical increase in TB (P = 0.41) and BA (P = 0.11) was observed in litters produced from sows on diet D, with TB at 13.7 ±1.05, and BA at 13.2 ± 0.94, while diets A, B, and C had TB and BA = 12.0 ± 1.05, and = 10.8 ± 0.94, respectively. Variation in parity within treatments may have contributed to these numerical differences, however average parity was not different across dietary treatments (P = 0.91). Litter BW, wean weight, and average daily gain (ADG) from day 0 to weaning were not different across diets (P = 0.27). However, ADG of offspring from parities 1to 3 sows was different from parity 0 and parities 4+ from day 0 to day 10 (P = 0.005) and from parities 4+ from day 15 to 22 (P = 0.03). Average birth weights did not differ across parity or dietary treatments (P = 0.27). Average age of weaning across parity (P = 0.003) and dietary treatment (P 0.001) did differ, with average age of weaning across diets A, B, C, and D of 29.3 ± 0.35, 28.3± 0.35, 27.7 ± 0.35, and 27.7 ± 0.35, respectively. It has been hypothesized the presence of soy isoflavones could potentially increase the concentration of IgG in the colostrum of sows, however, this was not supported by the results from this study as SBM did not impact immunoglobulin (IgG) concentration in colostrum or day 15 milk samples (P = 0.37). Increased IgG concentrations in colostrum samples were observed in parity 1 to 3 sows, when compared to parity 0 or greater than parity 4 sows (P = 0.29). The results of this work suggest that using feeding strategies with varying inclusion rates of SBM have little to no impact on sow reproductive or offspring growth performance. Continued research is needed, particularly around the transition from gestation to lactation to improve our understanding of the nutritional needs of the sow throughout the reproductive cycle.