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Author: Greg McNamara Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Wastewater treatment systems have economic and environmental costs associated with their construction and operation. These costs vary with location because of the specific conditions under which a treatment plant must be built and operated. A challenge for authorities is selecting the most appropriate treatment system for a given location. This requires an understanding of how competing systems will perform in a given scenario, and how variations in performance influence the associated costs. Small agglomerations in particular face unique challenges during system selection. These are often rural communities where access to resources and wastewater treatment expertise may be minimal, or come at a higher cost. It is, therefore, evident that appropriate system assessment tools are required to assist in the selection process. The objective of this study was to present a methodology to assess system performance under changing conditions, and elucidate the trade-offs that can occur between capital and operational costs, environmental impact categories, and ultimately between the overall economic and environmental costs. A review of the literature has determined that the life cycle approach provides a holistic understanding of the actual cost of system implementation. Thus, life cycle costing and life cycle assessment were the analytical frameworks selected for the study. A decision support tool that integrated both frameworks was developed to facilitate system analysis in user-defined, site-specific scenarios. Life cycle inventories were compiled with data collected from a selection of wastewater treatment plants, and from life cycle assessment process datasets. The life cycle cost data were compiled from a variety of academic and industry sources. To assess the methodology, ten wastewater treatment systems were evaluated under a range of predetermined site-specific scenarios that varied in scale, loading, discharge limits, and method of sludge disposal. In general, system analyses showed that treatment systems with the capacity to mitigate energy and chemical consumption exhibited more favourable economic and environmental life cycle profiles. The methodology illustrated the importance of conducting system assessment from a life cycle perspective and highlighted system processes and components that provide the greatest potential for system improvement and cost savings.
Author: Greg McNamara Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Wastewater treatment systems have economic and environmental costs associated with their construction and operation. These costs vary with location because of the specific conditions under which a treatment plant must be built and operated. A challenge for authorities is selecting the most appropriate treatment system for a given location. This requires an understanding of how competing systems will perform in a given scenario, and how variations in performance influence the associated costs. Small agglomerations in particular face unique challenges during system selection. These are often rural communities where access to resources and wastewater treatment expertise may be minimal, or come at a higher cost. It is, therefore, evident that appropriate system assessment tools are required to assist in the selection process. The objective of this study was to present a methodology to assess system performance under changing conditions, and elucidate the trade-offs that can occur between capital and operational costs, environmental impact categories, and ultimately between the overall economic and environmental costs. A review of the literature has determined that the life cycle approach provides a holistic understanding of the actual cost of system implementation. Thus, life cycle costing and life cycle assessment were the analytical frameworks selected for the study. A decision support tool that integrated both frameworks was developed to facilitate system analysis in user-defined, site-specific scenarios. Life cycle inventories were compiled with data collected from a selection of wastewater treatment plants, and from life cycle assessment process datasets. The life cycle cost data were compiled from a variety of academic and industry sources. To assess the methodology, ten wastewater treatment systems were evaluated under a range of predetermined site-specific scenarios that varied in scale, loading, discharge limits, and method of sludge disposal. In general, system analyses showed that treatment systems with the capacity to mitigate energy and chemical consumption exhibited more favourable economic and environmental life cycle profiles. The methodology illustrated the importance of conducting system assessment from a life cycle perspective and highlighted system processes and components that provide the greatest potential for system improvement and cost savings.
Author: United Nations Publications Publisher: UN ISBN: 9789280734744 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 68
Book Description
This book presents the results of an analytical study on the economic valuation for wastewater, comparing the cost of no action versus the cost of effective wastewater management. One of the Millennium Development Goals adopted by the United Nations was to reduce by half the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation by 2015. Further, at the Rio+20 Summit in June 2012, governments recognised the need to adopt measures to significantly reduce water pollution, increase water quality and significantly improve wastewater treatment which is now reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals. To achieve these objectives, substantial investment in sanitation including septage and sewage management is required, in particular in developing countries. A financial analysis of wastewater management looks at its private costs and benefits and can underpin decision making from a business or treatment plant operator standpoint. Economic analysis looks at the broader costs and benefits for society, providing information for public policy decisions to support improvements in wastewater management. Adequate wastewater collection, treatment, and safe use or disposal can lead to significant environmental and health benefits. However, because some of these benefits do not have a market price, they have not traditionally been considered in the financial analysis of wastewater treatment projects, therefore underestimating total benefits.
Author: Mu. Naushad Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1351678264 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 386
Book Description
Life Cycle Assessment of Wastewater Treatment addresses in detail the required in-depth life cycle assessment of wastewater treatment. This is to meet the special demands placed upon wastewater treatment processes, due to both the limited quantity and often low quality of water supplies. Wastewater management clearly plays a central role in achieving future water security in a world where water stress is expected to increase. Life cycle assessment (LCA) can be used as a tool to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with wastewater treatment and potential improvement options. This unique volume will focus on the analysis of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. Key Features: Focuses on the analysis of wastewater treatment plants using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach Discusses unconventional water sources such as recycled wastewater, brackish groundwater and desalinated seawater Explains life cycle assessment in detail, which has become one of the reference methods used to assess the environmental performance of processes over their complete life cycle, from raw material extraction, infrastructure construction and operation to final dismantling Explores a technique (LCA) that is becoming increasingly popular amongst researchers in the water treatment field nowadays because of its holistic approach Based on the real life experiences, the subject of wastewater is presented in simple terms and made accessible to anyone willing to learn and experiment
Author: Harold E. Marshall Publisher: ISBN: Category : Municipal water supply Languages : en Pages : 152
Book Description
"This study evaluates existing cost-sharing programs for wastewater pollution abatement as described in the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, describes alternative cost-sharing programs that provide improvements in terms of national efficiency and equity criteria as defined herein, and suggests related areas for further research. Emphasis is on how federal cost sharing biases communities in favor of certain kinds of techniques. The approach is to describe the current cost-sharing programs for both plant and nonplant techniques; to examine cost-sharing, legal, and other institution biases against certain techniques; to analyze efficiency and equity effects of alternative cost-sharing programs; and to describe the incentive effects of cost sharing on nonfederal interests with respect to their choices among abatement techniques. Findings of the study are that more efficient abatement will result if the same percentage cost share applies to all plant and nonplant techniques of abatement; the same percentage also applies to all categories of cost (e.g., capital, land, operation and maintenance) for a given technique; the same percentage applies to large and small communities; institutional constraints on the selection of nonplant techniques are removed; and if the program provides for federal cost sharing of every abatement technique that is technically viable. This report was submitted in fulfillment of program element PE 1BA030 and work order number EPA-IAG D4 H 374 by the National Bureau of Standards, Building Economics Section."--P. iv.
Author: United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Technology Transfer Publisher: ISBN: Category : Sewage disposal Languages : en Pages : 40
Book Description
These materials, prepared for the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Technology Transfer Program, were used in presenting Technology Transfer design seminars throughout the United States. When faced with decisions on wastewater treatment system upgrading or replacement, many small communities and rural areas run into financial difficulties. This trio of documents presents the results of research into this problem, which examines various strategies and systems, and their associated costs, in order to arm utilities managers in such communities with information vital to making informed, responsible decisions regarding wastewater treatment.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309254930 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 142
Book Description
The Environmental Protection Agency's estimate of the costs associated with implementing numeric nutrient criteria in Florida's waterways was significantly lower than many stakeholders expected. This discrepancy was due, in part, to the fact that the Environmental Protection Agency's analysis considered only the incremental cost of reducing nutrients in waters it considered "newly impaired" as a result of the new criteria-not the total cost of improving water quality in Florida. The incremental approach is appropriate for this type of assessment, but the Environmental Protection Agency's cost analysis would have been more accurate if it better described the differences between the new numeric criteria rule and the narrative rule it would replace, and how the differences affect the costs of implementing nutrient reductions over time, instead of at a fixed time point. Such an analysis would have more accurately described which pollutant sources, for example municipal wastewater treatment plants or agricultural operations, would bear the costs over time under the different rules and would have better illuminated the uncertainties in making such cost estimates.
Author: Greg McNamara
Author: Greg McNamara
Author: United Nations Publications
Author: United States. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Author: Mu. Naushad
Author: Upton B. Henderson
Author: Dennis W. Weeter
Author: Harold E. Marshall
Author: Marshall Rose
Author: United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Technology Transfer
Author: National Research Council