Ecology and Population Biology of Botrytis Cinerea on Red Raspberry and Other Small Fruit Hosts in the Pacific Northwest PDF Download
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Author: Olga Kozhar Publisher: ISBN: Category : Botryotinia Languages : en Pages : 143
Book Description
Botrytis cinerea is the causal agent of gray mold of more than 1,400 plant host species. The disease can lead to substantial yield losses, especially of red raspberry and other small fruit crops in the US Pacific Northwest (PNW) and worldwide. Effectiveness of gray mold management in red raspberry remains limited due to incomplete understanding of the disease cycle. The bloom period of red raspberry is considered a critical window for B. cinerea colonization of this host, but the role of flowers in this disease remains unclear. The first objective of this research was to determine the infection pathways of B. cinerea on red raspberry under field conditions. Colonization incidence of red raspberry at bloom was limited, but significantly increased with fruit development and peaked on mature fruit. As fruit developed, different morphological parts became colonized by the fungus, suggesting multiple infection events throughout the season.In the PNW, gray mold management programs on raspberry are based on protecting plants with fungicides throughout the production season, starting at bloom. It is, however, unknown if full-season fungicide programs are required to control B. cinerea effectively on raspberry. The second objective of this research was to study the effect of fungicide applications on B. cinerea colonization of raspberry in relation to plant development and test the floral infection hypothesis with genetic markers. Fungicide applications did not prevent or reduce flower colonization but significantly decreased fruit colonization. Pathogen genotypic diversity increased throughout the season and different genotypes colonized flowers, green and ripe fruit within raspberry inflorescence, suggesting that multiple fungal strains can colonize fruit at different developmental stages.In the PNW, several small fruit hosts are grown in close proximity, but nothing is known about B. cinerea population biology on these hosts in this region. The third objective of this research was to investigate how evolutionary forces shape pathogen population structure on small fruit in the PNW. No association of B. cinerea with host was found, but populations were geographically differentiated at regional and farm scales, suggesting restricted gene flow. Evidence for local adaptation due to selection was detected with fungicide resistance markers.
Author: Olga Kozhar Publisher: ISBN: Category : Botryotinia Languages : en Pages : 143
Book Description
Botrytis cinerea is the causal agent of gray mold of more than 1,400 plant host species. The disease can lead to substantial yield losses, especially of red raspberry and other small fruit crops in the US Pacific Northwest (PNW) and worldwide. Effectiveness of gray mold management in red raspberry remains limited due to incomplete understanding of the disease cycle. The bloom period of red raspberry is considered a critical window for B. cinerea colonization of this host, but the role of flowers in this disease remains unclear. The first objective of this research was to determine the infection pathways of B. cinerea on red raspberry under field conditions. Colonization incidence of red raspberry at bloom was limited, but significantly increased with fruit development and peaked on mature fruit. As fruit developed, different morphological parts became colonized by the fungus, suggesting multiple infection events throughout the season.In the PNW, gray mold management programs on raspberry are based on protecting plants with fungicides throughout the production season, starting at bloom. It is, however, unknown if full-season fungicide programs are required to control B. cinerea effectively on raspberry. The second objective of this research was to study the effect of fungicide applications on B. cinerea colonization of raspberry in relation to plant development and test the floral infection hypothesis with genetic markers. Fungicide applications did not prevent or reduce flower colonization but significantly decreased fruit colonization. Pathogen genotypic diversity increased throughout the season and different genotypes colonized flowers, green and ripe fruit within raspberry inflorescence, suggesting that multiple fungal strains can colonize fruit at different developmental stages.In the PNW, several small fruit hosts are grown in close proximity, but nothing is known about B. cinerea population biology on these hosts in this region. The third objective of this research was to investigate how evolutionary forces shape pathogen population structure on small fruit in the PNW. No association of B. cinerea with host was found, but populations were geographically differentiated at regional and farm scales, suggesting restricted gene flow. Evidence for local adaptation due to selection was detected with fungicide resistance markers.
Author: Y. Elad Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1402026269 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 412
Book Description
The book is the result of intensive work of 43 authors, all of them leading scientists in the Botrytis sciences. Each chapter describes a particular aspect of fungal biology and its impact on disease processes and host response. New technologies have arisen that when applied to long-standing problems or to test new hypotheses have been most rewarding and many of these are covered in this book. The chapters are cross linked so that readers can follow associated material.
Author: J. R. Coley-Smith Publisher: ISBN: Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 344
Book Description
Taxonomy; Variation in Botrytis and Botryotinia; Formation, structure and germination of Conidia; Sclerotia and other structures in survival; Behaviour of Conidia on aerial plant surface; The infection process and host-pathogen interactions; Mechanisms of Resistance to Botrytis; Epidemiology; Botrytis cinerea in Enology; Disease Control.
Author: Diego F. Quito-Avila Publisher: ISBN: Category : Closteroviruses Languages : en Pages : 138
Book Description
The United States is the third-largest producer of raspberries in the world. Washington State leads the nation in red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) production. 'Meeker', the most grown red raspberry cultivar in the Pacific Northwest (Washington, Oregon and British Columbia, Canada) is highly susceptible to Raspberry crumbly fruit, a virusinduced disease that produces drupelet abortion and reduces fruit quality and yield. The disease has long been attributed to Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV), a pollen-and-seed transmitted virus found in most commercial raspberry fields around the world. In recent years, an increased severity of crumbly fruit was observed in areas where two additional viruses were common. One of these viruses, Raspberry leaf mottle virus (RLMV), was characterized recently and shown to be a novel closterovirus transmitted by the large raspberry aphid Amphorophora agathonica Hottes. The second virus, Raspberry latent virus (RpLV) was a tentative member of the family Reoviridae whose characterization remained to be completed. To investigate the role of these two new viruses in the crumbly fruit disorder, 'Meeker' raspberry infected with single or mixtures of the three viruses, in all possible combinations, were generated by graft inoculation. Eight treatments, including a virus free control, were planted in the field at the Northwestern Research and Extension Center in Mt. Vernon, WA. Plant growth and fruit crumbliness were evaluated during establishment and the second year. Simultaneously, the characterization of RpLV, at the genetic and biological level, was completed. RpLV is a novel member of the plant Reoviridae composed of 26,128 nucleotides divided into 10 genomic dsRNA segments. Analysis of the RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) indicated that RpLV was related most closely to members of the genus Oryzavirus. However, the genomic terminal regions, conserved at the genus level in reoviruses, did not show homology to those of oryzaviruses, suggesting that RpLV may be a member of a new genus. It was found later, that RpLV was transmitted by A. agathonica. As all other plant reoviruses are transmitted by leaf- and planthoppers, these findings strongly support the creation of a new genus in the plant Reoviridae for the classification of RpLV. Real-time quantification of viral titers in single or mixed infections revealed that the titer of RBDV was enhanced ~400-fold when the virus was found in coinfections with RLMV. Interestingly, plants co-infected with these two viruses showed significant reduction in plant growth during the establishment and second year. Crumbly fruit was more severe in plants infected with the three viruses compared to the virus-free control. Taken together, this work presents valuable information about the interactions between three important raspberry viruses and their effect on plant growth and fruit crumbliness in 'Meeker', the most important red raspberry cultivar in the Pacific Northwest.
Author: Donald Laird Craig Publisher: ISBN: Category : Berries Languages : en Pages : 40
Book Description
Handleiding voor de teelt van frambozen in Oost-Canada, waarbij ingegaan wordt op teeltkundige aspekten; ziekten en fysiologische gebreken en plagen. De gewasbescherming en bemesting wordt niet behandeld
Author: Duncan R. Kroese Publisher: ISBN: Category : Phytophthora Languages : en Pages : 103
Book Description
The Pacific Northwest produces over 95% of the nation’s processed red raspberries, valued at over $65 million. Two of the major soilborne pathogens effecting the production of raspberry in this region are the oomycete Phytophthora rubi, which causes root rot in red raspberry plants, and the plant-parasitic nematode Pratylenchus penetrans, also known as root lesion nematode. Current management of these two pathogens relies heavily on pre-plant soil fumigation. However, current regulations have made this practice more difficult and expensive. Additional issue with soil fumigation include lack of efficacy at deeper soil depths and an inability to penetrate old raspberry root material which remains in a field at the time of fumigation and may harbor soilborne pathogens. Phytophthora rubi can be effectively managed with application of post-plant fungicides, but few options exist for the post-plant management of P. penetrans. Knowledge of when or where these soilborne pathogens are present in the raspberry production system could provide valuable information for growers to target management practices. The objectives of this study were to 1) determine the residency time of P. penetrans in red raspberry roots, 2) determine the vertical distribution of P. penetrans in the soil at three different times within the re-planting process, and 3) determine the horizontal distribution within red raspberry fields of P. rubi and any factors that may be correlated with P. rubi incidence. For the first objective, P. penetrans infected raspberry roots were buried in the ground and nematode populations within the roots were monitored over time. To achieve the second objective, soil cores down to 90 cm were collected at three different times in two commercial fields: pre-fumigation, post-fumigation and at planting. Pratylenchus penetrans soil populations were then monitored at each time. For the final objective, an intensive sampling strategy was employed in four commercial red raspberry fields in the Pacific Northwest with P. rubi DNA concentrations and visual disease rating, P. penetrans root and soil populations, soil texture and GPS data, including elevation data being collected. The results for P. penetrans root residency time demonstrated that P. penetrans can reside in roots from 6 to 8 months after plant removal. This indicates that P. penetrans has the ability to survive in root material up to and after the time when fumigation typically occurs. The results for the vertical distribution showed that P. penetrans was present at all sampling dates in both fields and nematodes survived in different areas of the soil profile depending upon soil type. Finally, the results from the horizontal distribution of P. rubi indicated that the pathogen is distributed throughout a field. While there were factors (elevations, soil texture, visual disease rating, or nematode population densities) that were related to P. rubi concentrations within a field, no universal relationship appeared between P. rubi DNA concentrations and measured factors between fields. This research shows that P. penetrans are not only surviving fumigation, but also provides potential answers to how and where they are surviving. The research also demonstrates that P. rubi is typically distributed throughout a field and its presence may be dependent on certain factors within a field, but no universal factors were related to P. rubi concentrations between fields. With this information, the knowledge base of the distribution dynamics of these two important red raspberry soilborne pathogens has been increased. Along with future research, this information has the potential to help growers target management practices and more effectively control these pathogens.
Author: Olga Kozhar
Author: Olga Kozhar
Author: Y. Elad
Author: J. R. Coley-Smith
Author: W. R. Jarvis
Author: Diego F. Quito-Avila
Author: David J. Johnston
Author: Donald Laird Craig
Author: D. Johnston
Author: Bulathsinhalage Anuja Priyangani Rajaguru
Author: Duncan R. Kroese