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Author: Leonard Angello Publisher: ISBN: Category : Electric utilities Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
National standards for NOx control for gas turbines are being evaluated and modified throughout the world. These standards are often supplemented by local or site specific emission limits. The numeric value of any emission limit is influenced by both the local environmental conditions, and, importantly, by the actual NOx removal capacity of the specific technologies that can be applied to the processes and equipment that will be governed by the emission standards. That is, emission limits can not be so restrictive that there is no technology available that can be applied to meet the permit condition. However, as new technologies are developed to meet the ever increasingly restrictive emission limitations, they become the standard by which the next round of emission limit setting is guided. Current NOx control technologies for gas turbine applications employ fuel switching to a low nitrogen content fuel, wet combustion control (steam or water injection into the combustor), or exhaust gas treatment (selective catalytic reduction technology) or combinations of those controls. Recently, dry combustion controls have been, or are being, developed by the gas turbine manufacturers, and catalytic combustion control processes are being researched. This paper presents a brief overview of the national NOx emission requirements of Europe, Japan, and the United States. A discussion of the new dry, low NOx controls presently emerging in the electric utility, gas turbine market are then reviewed, with an emphasis on the commercial applications and typical operating results that have been experienced. In this paper, all NOx values are referenced to dry, 15% oxygen exhaust conditions unless otherwise stated. The units are volumetric, in parts per million (ppm), unless otherwise stated.
Author: Leonard Angello Publisher: ISBN: Category : Electric utilities Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
National standards for NOx control for gas turbines are being evaluated and modified throughout the world. These standards are often supplemented by local or site specific emission limits. The numeric value of any emission limit is influenced by both the local environmental conditions, and, importantly, by the actual NOx removal capacity of the specific technologies that can be applied to the processes and equipment that will be governed by the emission standards. That is, emission limits can not be so restrictive that there is no technology available that can be applied to meet the permit condition. However, as new technologies are developed to meet the ever increasingly restrictive emission limitations, they become the standard by which the next round of emission limit setting is guided. Current NOx control technologies for gas turbine applications employ fuel switching to a low nitrogen content fuel, wet combustion control (steam or water injection into the combustor), or exhaust gas treatment (selective catalytic reduction technology) or combinations of those controls. Recently, dry combustion controls have been, or are being, developed by the gas turbine manufacturers, and catalytic combustion control processes are being researched. This paper presents a brief overview of the national NOx emission requirements of Europe, Japan, and the United States. A discussion of the new dry, low NOx controls presently emerging in the electric utility, gas turbine market are then reviewed, with an emphasis on the commercial applications and typical operating results that have been experienced. In this paper, all NOx values are referenced to dry, 15% oxygen exhaust conditions unless otherwise stated. The units are volumetric, in parts per million (ppm), unless otherwise stated.
Author: Lisa M. Campbell Publisher: ISBN: Category : Air Languages : en Pages : 176
Book Description
Available Information on control of NOx emissions from stationary combustion sources has been compiled to assist new source permitting activities by regulatory agencies. The sources covered are combustion turbines, Internal combustion engines, non-utility boilers and heaters, and waste Incinerators. The report discusses the background of NO, formation in the combustion process, major NO sources, and processes for NOx control. The current status of NO control technology Is discussed and applications to meet permitting requirements Is detailed. Permitted NOx emission levels are summarized by combustion source, fuel type and control technology. Documentation includes references and contacts for further Information.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Turbines Languages : en Pages : 4
Book Description
Gas turbine installations in the Netherlands are subject to stringent emissions regulations. One way of reducing NOx emission levels is by applying of dry low NOx combustion. This involves a two-step combustion process which reduces the flame temperature and thereby lowers the emission levels. The net output of the installation is unaffected by this process. This technique of NOx reduction has been applied on a 37 MW Gasturbine at the General Electric Plastics production plant in Bergen op Zoom. Energy savings are achieved because the need for steam injection is avoided. The total energy savings amount to approximately 5,900,000 m3 per year in natural gas equivalent.
Author: Joel Haynes Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Next generation turbine power plants will require high efficiency gas turbines with higher pressure ratios and turbine inlet temperatures than currently available. These increases in gas turbine cycle conditions will tend to increase NOx emissions. As the desire for higher efficiency drives pressure ratios and turbine inlet temperatures ever higher, gas turbines equipped with both lean premixed combustors and selective catalytic reduction after treatment eventually will be unable to meet the new emission goals of sub-3 ppm NOx. New gas turbine combustors are needed with lower emissions than the current state-of-the-art lean premixed combustors. In this program an advanced combustion system for the next generation of gas turbines is being developed with the goal of reducing combustor NOx emissions by 50% below the state-of-the-art. Dry Low NOx (DLN) technology is the current leader in NOx emission technology, guaranteeing 9 ppm NOx emissions for heavy duty F class gas turbines. This development program is directed at exploring advanced concepts which hold promise for meeting the low emissions targets. The trapped vortex combustor is an advanced concept in combustor design. It has been studied widely for aircraft engine applications because it has demonstrated the ability to maintain a stable flame over a wide range of fuel flow rates. Additionally, it has shown significantly lower NOx emission than a typical aircraft engine combustor and with low CO at the same time. The rapid CO burnout and low NOx production of this combustor made it a strong candidate for investigation. Incremental improvements to the DLN technology have not brought the dramatic improvements that are targeted in this program. A revolutionary combustor design is being explored because it captures many of the critical features needed to significantly reduce emissions. Experimental measurements of the combustor performance at atmospheric conditions were completed in the first phase of the program. Emissions measurements were obtained over a variety of operating conditions. A kinetics model is formulated to describe the emissions performance. The model is a tool for determining the conditions for low emission performance. The flow field was also modeled using CFD. A first prototype was developed for low emission performance on natural gas. The design utilized the tools anchored to the atmospheric prototype performance. The 1/6 scale combustor was designed for low emission performance in GE's FA+e gas turbine. A second prototype was developed to evaluate changes in the design approach. The prototype was developed at a 1/10 scale for low emission performance in GE's FA+e gas turbine. The performance of the first two prototypes gave a strong indication of the best design approach. Review of the emission results led to the development of a 3rd prototype to further reduce the combustor emissions. The original plan to produce a scaled-up prototype was pushed out beyond the scope of the current program. The 3rd prototype was designed at 1/10 scale and targeted further reductions in the full-speed full-load emissions.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 50
Book Description
The use of stationary gas turbines for power generation has been growing rapidly with continuing trends predicted well into the future. Factors that are contributing to this growth include advances in turbine technology, operating and siting flexibility and low capital cost. Restructuring of the electric utility industry will provide new opportunities for on-site generation. In a competitive market, it maybe more cost effective to install small distributed generation units (like gas turbines) within the grid rather than constructing large power plants in remote locations with extensive transmission and distribution systems. For the customer, on-site generation will provide added reliability and leverage over the cost of purchased power One of the key issues that is addressed in virtually every gas turbine application is emissions, particularly NO(subscript x) emissions. Decades of research and development have significantly reduced the NO(subscript x) levels emitted from gas turbines from uncontrolled levels. Emission control technologies are continuing to evolve with older technologies being gradually phased-out while new technologies are being developed and commercialized. The objective of this study is to determine and compare the cost of NO(subscript x) control technologies for three size ranges of stationary gas turbines: 5 MW, 25 MW and 150 MW. The purpose of the comparison is to evaluate the cost effectiveness and impact of each control technology as a function of turbine size. The NO(subscript x) control technologies evaluated in this study include: Lean premix combustion, also known as dry low NO(subscript x) (DLN) combustion; Catalytic combustion; Water/steam injection; Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)--low temperature, conventional, high temperature; and SCONO(subscript x){trademark}.
Author: Leonard Angello
Author: Leonard Angello
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Author: Lisa M. Campbell
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Author: K. O. Smith
Author: Mahmoud Kowkabi
Author: Joel Haynes
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Author: Torsten Strand