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Author: Isabel Vicenta Schaal Publisher: ISBN: Category : Biogeochemical cycles Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Subterranean estuaries (STEs) can be an important location for biogeochemical reactions that may alter concentrations of chemical constituents of groundwater. With warming in the Arctic and the subsequent permafrost thaw, the relative importance of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) to ocean chemical budgets will grow. In this study, we examined the distribution of select trace metals (Fe, Mn, V, U, Mo and Ba) in the STE, lagoon surface waters, and coastal sediments of Simpson Lagoon along the Beaufort Shelf of Alaska. This location is unique among studies as the STE consists of organic-rich sediments. Samples were collected over two years and throughout seasonal water conditions, including the melting, open-water, and freeze-up periods. Fe, Mn, V, and Ba mainly exhibited non-conservative additions within the estuary, with Fe concentrations being some of the highest among groundwater studies. U exhibited both non-conservative removal and addition in the estuary, and Mo exhibited mainly removal. In the lagoon, non-conservative addition of U allowed for the calculation of an SGD flux. This flux, along with a Ra-derived flux, was used to estimate metal fluxes into the lagoon. Fluxes for all metals were similar to or greater than river flux estimates in all months except for June, when SGD was likely nonexistent. These fluxes can be used to assess SGD impact on the coastal Arctic; however, for reactive metals, processes in the lagoon may continue to alter metal concentrations before mixing with the greater Arctic Ocean. This study provides some of the first estimates of trace metal concentrations and fluxes within Arctic subterranean estuaries and exhibits the importance of considering SGD when assessing metal input to the coastal Arctic.
Author: Isabel Vicenta Schaal Publisher: ISBN: Category : Biogeochemical cycles Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Subterranean estuaries (STEs) can be an important location for biogeochemical reactions that may alter concentrations of chemical constituents of groundwater. With warming in the Arctic and the subsequent permafrost thaw, the relative importance of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) to ocean chemical budgets will grow. In this study, we examined the distribution of select trace metals (Fe, Mn, V, U, Mo and Ba) in the STE, lagoon surface waters, and coastal sediments of Simpson Lagoon along the Beaufort Shelf of Alaska. This location is unique among studies as the STE consists of organic-rich sediments. Samples were collected over two years and throughout seasonal water conditions, including the melting, open-water, and freeze-up periods. Fe, Mn, V, and Ba mainly exhibited non-conservative additions within the estuary, with Fe concentrations being some of the highest among groundwater studies. U exhibited both non-conservative removal and addition in the estuary, and Mo exhibited mainly removal. In the lagoon, non-conservative addition of U allowed for the calculation of an SGD flux. This flux, along with a Ra-derived flux, was used to estimate metal fluxes into the lagoon. Fluxes for all metals were similar to or greater than river flux estimates in all months except for June, when SGD was likely nonexistent. These fluxes can be used to assess SGD impact on the coastal Arctic; however, for reactive metals, processes in the lagoon may continue to alter metal concentrations before mixing with the greater Arctic Ocean. This study provides some of the first estimates of trace metal concentrations and fluxes within Arctic subterranean estuaries and exhibits the importance of considering SGD when assessing metal input to the coastal Arctic.
Author: C. Wong Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1475768648 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 913
Book Description
In recent years, rapid scientific advances have been shattering classical concepts of oceanic trace metals concentrations. Most of the data gathered before the mid-1970s have had to be discarded. Possible associations of organic and inorganic ligands with the metals were throwing views of metal speciation into great uncertainty. Biological effects of metals need to be re-examined after recent revelations of unsuspected metal contaminations in methodology. The investigations appear chaotic, yet exciting. It implies that a new order is going to replace the past. Now, an opportunity opens its door to a brave new world for the young generation of scientists to put metal chemistries in the oceans into perspectiveo This N. AoToO. International Conference on "Trace Metals in Sea Water" hoped to catalyze this exciting process of unifying various aspects of trace metals in sea water in future years o The Conference, in the form of an Advanced Research Institute supported by the Scientific Affairs Division of NoAoT. O. supple mented by further assistance of the UoS. Office of Naval "Research, was held at the "Ettore Majorana" Center for Scientific Culture in the medieval town of Erice on the island of Sicily, Italy from March 30 to April 3, 1981. It was the first organized gathering of international scientists in this specialized field. Seventy scientists with various expertise in different aspects of the subject were present: including those from NoAoT. Oo countries (Canada, France, F. R. Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, U. K.
Author: Ronald Eisler Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0080963536 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 524
Book Description
Each book has two main goals1. Determine baseline concentrations of metals and metalloids in tissues of representative field populations of estuarine coastal, and open ocean organisms (Book 1:algae and macrophytes, protists, sponges, coelenterates, molluscs, crustaceans, insects, chaetognaths, annelids, echinoderms, and tunicates) (Book 2: elasmobranchs, fishes, reptiles, birds, mammals) and their significance to organism health and to the health of their consumers.2. Synthesize existing information on biological, chemical, and physical factors known to modify uptake, retention, and translocation of each element under field and laboratory conditions. Recognition of the importance of these modifiers and their accompanying interactions is essential to the understanding of metals kinetics in marine systems and to the interpretation of baseline residue data. Synthesizes existing information on biological, chemical, and physical factors known to modify uptake, retention, and translocation of each element Aids understanding of metals kinetics in marine systems Allows the interpretation of baseline residue data
Author: Edward D. Burton Publisher: ISBN: Category : Electronic dissertations Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Abstract: An improved understanding of the geochemical partitioning of trace metals and tributyltin (TBT) in sediments is of great importance in risk assessment and remedial investigation. The aim of this thesis was to examine the distribution and partitioning behaviour of trace metals and TBT in benthic, estuarine sediments. This was achieved by a series of field- and laboratory-based studies investigating factors controlling the geochemical behaviour of trace metals and TBT in sediments from south-east Queensland, Australia. The distribution and enrichment of selected trace metals in benthic sediments of the Southport Broadwater (a semi-enclosed coastal body of water adjacent to the Gold Coast city, south-eastern Queensland, Australia) was studied. Sediment contamination for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn was assessed by (1) comparison with Australian sediment quality guidelines, (2) calculation of the index of geoaccumulation based on regional background values, and (3) geochemical noi-malisation against Al (i.e. the abundance of alumino-silicate clay minerals). Based on this approach, several sites were found to be strongly enriched with Cu, Pb, Sn and Zn, arising from sources related to either urban runoff or vessel maintenance activities. The geochemical partitioning of Cu, Pb and Zn was examined in sediments collected from three of these sites of sediment contamination. Total Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations in coarse-textured (65 to 90 % sand sized particles), sub-oxic sediments (Eh + 120 to +260 mV) ranged from 8.3 to 194 mg/kg for Cu, 16.3 to 74.8 mg/kg for Pb and 30.1 to 220 mg/kg for Zn, and were related to vertical trends in sediment texture. The association of Cu, Pb and Zn with amorphous oxides, crystalline oxides and organic matter was linearly dependent on the abundance of each phase. For retention by amorphous oxide minerals, the trace metal retention ranged from 5.2 to 23.7 mgcjgFe oxide as Fe for Cu, 1 2.8 to 21 .5 mgpb/gFe oxide as Fe for Pb, and 23. I to 85.7 mgm/gFe oxide as Fe for Zn. Corresponding values for association with crystalline oxides were an order of magnitude less than those for amorphous oxides, indicating a weaker affinity of trace metals for crystalline oxides. The relationships describing association with organic matter ranged from 17.6 to 54.0 mgcu/gorg c for Cu, 6.1 to 9.6 mgpb/gorg c for Pb and 6.4 to 16.4 mgzn/gorg c for Zn. The in-situ solid/pore-water partitioning of TBT and the degradation products, dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT), was determined for an estuarine sediment profile with previously identified elevated Sn concentrations. Total butyltin levels were (depending on depth) 220 to 8750 jig/kg for TBT, 150 to 5450 jig/kg for DBT and 130 to 4250 jig/kg for MBT. Pore-water butyltin concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 2.35 jig/L for TBT, 0.07 to 3.25 jiglL for DBT, and 0.05 to 0.53 J.tgIL for MBT. The organic carbon normalised distribution ratios (Doc) were similar for TBT, DBT and MBT, and were io to 106 L/kg. Values for the Butyltin Degradation Index (BDI) were larger than I at depths greater than 10 cm below the sediment/water-column interface, indicating that substantial TBT degradation has occurred in the sediments. This suggests that natural attenuation may be a viable sediment remediation strategy. Factors controlling the partitioning behaviour of Cu, Pb and Zn in nonsulfidic, estuarine sediments were examined in controlled laboratory-based studies with the use of combined sorption curve - sequential extraction analysis. This allowed determination of sorption parameters for Cu, Pb and Zn partitioning to individual geochemical fractions. Partitioning behaviour in sulfidic sediments was also determined by sequentially extracting Cu, Pb and Zn from synthetic sulfide minerals, and from natural sediment and pure quartz sand after spiking with acid-volatile sulfide (AVS). Trace metal sorption to the 'carbonate' fraction (pH 5, NaOAc extraction) increased with metal loading due to saturation of sorption sites associated with the 'Fe-oxide' (NH2OH. HCI extraction) and 'organic' (H202 extraction) fractions in non-sulfidic sediments. Freundlich isotherm parameters describing sorption to the 'Fe-oxide' and 'organic' fractions were dependent on the sediment Fe-oxide and organic carbon content, respectively. Sequential extraction of Cu from pure CuS, AVS-spiked sediment and AVS-spiked quartz sand showed that AVS-bound Cu was quantitatively recovered in association with the 'organic' fraction. However, some AVS-bound Pb and Zn were recovered by the NH2OH. HCI step (which has been previously interpreted as 'Fe-oxide' bound metals) in the sequential extraction procedure used in this study. This indicates that the sequential extraction of Pb and Zn in sulfidic sediments may lead to AVS-bound metals being mistaken as Fe-oxide bound species. Caution should therefore be exercised when interpreting sequential extraction results for Pb and Zn in anoxic sediments. Tributyltin (TBT) sorption to four natural sediment samples in artificial seawater was also examined under a range of modified pH and salinity conditions in controlled laboratory-based studies. Three of the sediment samples were relatively pristine with regard to TBT contamination, but the fourth was a TBT-contaminated sediment from a commercial marina. Sorption of TBT was described well by linear sorption isotherms, with distribution coefficients ranging from 6.1 to 5210 L/kg depending on pH and salinity. Sediment organic C content and particle size distribution were important determinants of sorption behaviour. The presence of resident TBT in the contaminated marina sediment caused a substantial reduction in TBT sorption due to satuaration of high selectivity sites. Desorption of TBT from the marina sediment was described by relatively large observed distribution coefficients ranging from 5100 to 9400 L/kg, suggesting that aging effects may reduce sorption reversibility. Increased artificial seawater salinity generally reduced TBT sorption at pH 4 and pH 6, but enhanced TBT sorption at pH 8. Regardless of salinity, maximum sorption of TBT was observed at pH 6, which is attributed to an optimal balance between abundance of the cationic TBT species and deprotonated surface ligands. Consideration of aqueous TBT speciation along with octanol-water partitioning behaviour suggest that hydrophobic partitioning of TBTCI to non-polar organic matter was important for pH (up to) 6, whilst partitioning of TBTOH was important at higher pH. The effect of aging on the solid/pore-water partitioning and desorption behaviour of TBT in sediments was examined. Three sediment samples with contrasting physical and chemical properties were spiked with 10 mg/kg TBT and aged under sterile conditions for periods of time ranging from I to 84 days. Aging had a negligible effect in a sandy sample with very low organic carbon content (0.2 % w/w). In contrast, for samples with larger amounts of organic carbon (2.6 and 4.8 % w/w), the effect of aging on the solid/pore-water partitioning behaviour was significant. For these samples, the apparent distribution coefficients (Ks) obtained from sequential two hour desorption experiments exhibited a two-fold increase between spiked sediments subjected to aging for 1 day and 84 days. This study demonstrates that aging effects may be an important aspect of TBT fate in contaminated sediments. Overall, the results described in this thesis demonstrate that environmental factors (i.e. pH, salinity, Eh, aging) and sediment composition (i.e. abundance of fine alumino-silicate minerals, organic matter, Fe-oxides, reactive sulfides) exert substantial effects on trace metal and TBT partitioning. The current reliance on measurement of total trace metal and TBT concentrations in contaminated sediment management may consequently lead to inaccurate estimates of environmental risk and inappropriate remediation measures if other factors regulating contaminant distribution and partitioning are ignored.
Author: Camille Gaulier Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Estuarine and coastal ecosystems provide multiple ecological, social and economic services. They are a source of food, income and are at the heart of marine trade, merchant shipping and sea transport. They therefore play a key role in our modern world and their conservation from an environmental point of view is today critical. Despite all the efforts done in environmental management, pollution associated with the rapid coastal development and intensive industrialization was inevitable and still remains one of the main threats towards marine ecosystems today. Specifically, trace metal contamination is of specific concern as coastal areas are generally prone to accumulate them. Most trace metals exhibit a dual role in marine waters: they act as nutrients in low concentrations, yet rapidly have toxic effects in higher concentration ranges. Continuous monitoring of their concentrations in estuarine and coastal ecosystems is therefore needed to better understand their biogeochemical behavior in such marine environments. However, limited knowledge exists on their bioavailability towards marine organisms: especially as the toxicity of these metals is not only related to their concentration but also strongly linked with their speciation which shows both seasonal and spatial variations. Thus, the main objective of this PhD research was to investigate the biogeochemical cycles of various trace metals and unravel their speciation and bioavailability in various aquatic systems: from very dynamic mixing zones of the Scheldt estuary to coastal harbors and shallow seawaters of the North Sea, and even to deeper and anoxic regions of the Baltic Sea. Trace metal concentrations and speciation were explored seasonally and spatially along horizontal and vertical gradients, and a comparison of classic active samplings of dissolved trace metals with a passive sampling technique (Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films; DGT) was carried out. The DGT technique was successfully used for the in-situ measurement of labile metals and eventually constitutes a good surrogate to the biomonitoring of trace elements (e.g. use of mussels, algae, etc.). This method offsets the lack of knowledge in terms of water quality monitoring and the results challenge the classic criteria which are used by international regulatory requirements (e.g. WFD, MSFD) and local commitments (e.g. OSPAR, HELCOM). Indeed, new criteria based on labile metal species instead of total dissolved species should be considered in the future. Such approach of trace metal speciation and assessment in aquatic systems could surely lead to a more integrated environmental management and improve our knowledge on anthropogenic impacts and pollutant fluxes. Moreover, it is eventually the main key to explain and predict bioavailability and potential toxicity of trace metals to the marine fauna and flora. This work therefore invites you to dive into a journey along our coasts, from urbanized areas to wild open seas, from their surface to their deepest waters.
Author: A. Sathy Naidu Publisher: CreateSpace ISBN: 9781514724255 Category : Languages : en Pages : 64
Book Description
There is a concern that anthropogenic contaminants discharged during petroleum- related activities can accumulate in the Beaufort Lagoon sediments. In response to this concern, concentrations of 12 metals were analyzed [copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), lead (Pb), tin (Sn), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), barium (Ba), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn)] in the mud fraction and total mercury (THg) and hydrocarbons [saturated compounds such as normal and isoprenoid alkanes, triterpanes, steranes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)] determined in gross sediments collected at 22 locations at the lagoon and in one natural oil seep.
Author: Institute of Institute of Marine Science Publisher: CreateSpace ISBN: 9781514284667 Category : Languages : en Pages : 64
Book Description
There is a concern that anthropogenic contaminants discharged during petroleum-related activities can accumulate in the Beaufort Lagoon sediments. In response to this concern, concentrations of 12 metals were analyzed [copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), lead (Pb), tin (Sn), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), barium (Ba), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn)] in the mud fraction and total mercury (THg) and hydrocarbons [saturated compounds such as normal and isoprenoid alkanes, triterpanes, steranes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)] determined in gross sediments collected at 22 locations at the lagoon and in one natural oil seep.
Author: Isabel Vicenta Schaal
Author: Isabel Vicenta Schaal
Author: C. Wong
Author: Ronald Eisler
Author: Edward D. Burton
Author: Camille Gaulier
Author: M. M. J-F. Talbot
Author: A. Sathy Naidu
Author: Institute of Institute of Marine Science
Author: Harry V. Leland
Author: Gary Patrick Klinkhammer