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Author: Andrzej Plonka Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9401596581 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 238
Book Description
Dynamical processes in which many timescales coexist are called dispersive. The rate coefficients for dispersive processes depend on time. In the case of a chemical reaction, the time dependence of the rate coefficient, k(t), termed the specific reaction rate, is rationalized in the following way. Reactions by their very nature have to disturb reactivity distributions of the reactants in condensed media, as the more reactive species are the first ones to disappear from the system. The extent of this disturbance depends on the ratio of the rates of reactions to the rate of internal rearrangements (mixing) in the system restoring the initial distribution in reactivity of reactants. If the rates of chemical reactions exceed the rates of internal rearrangements, then the initial distributions in reactant reactivity are not preserved during the course of reactions and the specific reaction rates depend on time. Otherwise the extent of disturbance is negligible and classical kinetics, with a constant specific reaction rate, k, termed the reaction rate constant, may be valid as an approximation. In condensed media dispersive dynamical processes are endemic and this is the first monograph devoted to these processes.
Author: Andrzej Plonka Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9401596581 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 238
Book Description
Dynamical processes in which many timescales coexist are called dispersive. The rate coefficients for dispersive processes depend on time. In the case of a chemical reaction, the time dependence of the rate coefficient, k(t), termed the specific reaction rate, is rationalized in the following way. Reactions by their very nature have to disturb reactivity distributions of the reactants in condensed media, as the more reactive species are the first ones to disappear from the system. The extent of this disturbance depends on the ratio of the rates of reactions to the rate of internal rearrangements (mixing) in the system restoring the initial distribution in reactivity of reactants. If the rates of chemical reactions exceed the rates of internal rearrangements, then the initial distributions in reactant reactivity are not preserved during the course of reactions and the specific reaction rates depend on time. Otherwise the extent of disturbance is negligible and classical kinetics, with a constant specific reaction rate, k, termed the reaction rate constant, may be valid as an approximation. In condensed media dispersive dynamical processes are endemic and this is the first monograph devoted to these processes.
Author: Jacques Breton Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1461530504 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 418
Book Description
The NATO Advanced Research Workshop entitled "The Photosynthetic Bacterial Reaction Center: Structure, Spectroscopy, and Dynamics" was held May 10-15, 1992, in the Maison d'H6tes of the Centre d'Etudes Nuc1eaires de Cadarache near Aix-en-Provence in the south of France. This workshop is the most recent of a string of meetings which started in Feldafing (Germany) in March 1985, soon after the three-dimensional structure of the bacterial reaction center had been elucidated by X-ray crystallography. This was followed, in September 1987, by a workshop in Cadarache and, in March 1990, by a second meeting in Feldafing. Although one of the most important processes on Earth, photosynthesis is still poorly understood. Stimulated by the breakthrough of solving the bacterial reaction center structure at atomic resolution, the field of relating this structure to the function of the reaction center, i. e. the remarkably efficient conversion and storage of solar energy, has been developing vigorously. Once the general organization of the cofactors and some details of the protein-cofactor interactions were known, it became possible to combine a variety of spectroscopic techniques with the powerful tool of site-directed mutagenesis in order to address increasingly incisive questions about the specific role of some amino acid residues in the electron transfer process. Still another promising tool is being developed, namely the exchange of a number of the native bacteriochlorophyll and bacteriopheophytin cofactors by chemically modified pigments.
Author: Vladimir Vasilʹevich Uchaĭkin Publisher: World Scientific ISBN: 9814355429 Category : Mathematics Languages : en Pages : 274
Book Description
The standard (Markovian) transport model based on the Boltzmann equation cannot describe some non-equilibrium processes called anomalous that take place in many disordered solids. Causes of anomality lie in non-uniformly scaled (fractal) spatial heterogeneities, in which particle trajectories take cluster form. Furthermore, particles can be located in some domains of small sizes (traps) for a long time. Estimations show that path length and waiting time distributions are often characterized by heavy tails of the power law type. This behavior allows the introduction of time and space derivatives of fractional orders. Distinction of path length distribution from exponential is interpreted as a consequence of media fractality, and analogous property of waiting time distribution as a presence of memory. In this book, a novel approach using equations with derivatives of fractional orders is applied to describe anomalous transport and relaxation in disordered semiconductors, dielectrics and quantum dot systems. A relationship between the self-similarity of transport, the Levy stable limiting distributions and the kinetic equations with fractional derivatives is established. It is shown that unlike the well-known Scher Montroll and Arkhipov Rudenko models, which are in a sense alternatives to the normal transport model, fractional differential equations provide a unified mathematical framework for describing normal and dispersive transport. The fractional differential formalism allows the equations of bipolar transport to be written down and transport in distributed dispersion systems to be described. The relationship between fractional transport equations and the generalized limit theorem reveals the probabilistic aspects of the phenomenon in which a dispersive to Gaussian transport transition occurs in a time-of-flight experiment as the applied voltage is decreased and/or the sample thickness increased. Recent experiments devoted to studies of transport in quantum dot arrays are discussed in the framework of dispersive transport models. The memory phenomena in systems under consideration are discussed in the analysis of fractional equations. It is shown that the approach based on the anomalous transport models and the fractional kinetic equations may be very useful in some problems that involve nano-sized systems. These are photon counting statistics of blinking single quantum dot fluorescence, relaxation of current in colloidal quantum dot arrays, and some others.
Author: Johann Deisenhofer Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 1483288404 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 593
Book Description
The availability of the photosynthetic reaction center's structure at an atomic resolution of less than three angstroms has revolutionized research. This protein is the first integral membrane protein whose structure has been determined with such precision. Each volume of the Photosynthetic Reaction Center contains original research, methods, and reviews. Together, these volumes cover our current understanding of how photosynthesis converts light energy into stored chemical energy. Volume II details the electron transfer process; it is oriented to the physical aspects of photosynthesis. It thus primarily discusses bacterial photosynthesis and model compounds. Volume II features the very complex and rapidly evolving issues associated with the theory of electron transfer in the bacterial reaction center, and explores picosecond and femtosecond spectroscopy. This volume also covers holeburning spectroscopy; primary events of bacterial photosynthesis with emphasis on the application of large, external electric fields designed to manipulate and probe mechanisms of the initial chemistry; the role of accessory carotenoid pigments; the techniques of infrared spectroscopy and magnetic resonance as applied to photosynthesis; and the interplay between natural and artificial photosynthesis.
Author: Salvatore Fanali Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0323999999 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 886
Book Description
Liquid Chromatography: Fundamentals and Instrumentation, Third Edition offers a single source of authoritative information on all aspects of the practice of modern liquid chromatography. The book gives those working in academia and industry the opportunity to learn, refresh, and deepen their understanding of the field by covering basic and advanced theoretical concepts, recognition mechanisms, conventional and advanced instrumentation, method development, data analysis, and more. This third edition addresses new developments in the field with updated chapters from expert researchers. The book is a valuable reference for research scientists, teachers, university students, industry professionals in research and development, and quality control managers. Emphasizes the integration of chromatographic methods and sample preparation Provides important data related to complex matrices, sample preparation, and data handling Gives background information to facilitate the choice of LC sub-technique and experimental conditions, mobile and stationary phases, detectors, data processing, and more Offers comprehensive updates to all chapters Includes new chapters on chiral recognition, co-solvents and mobile phase additives, physicochemical measurements, and identification and quantitation in mass spectrometry
Author: Guglielmo Lanzani Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 3527607390 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 600
Book Description
Carbon based pi-conjugated materials offer a broad range of applications, going from molecular electronics and single molecule devices to nanotechnology, plastic electronics and optoelectronics. The proper physical description of such materials is in between that of molecular solids and that of low-dimensional covalent semiconductors. This book is a comprehensive review of their elementary excitations processes and dynamics, which merges the two viewpoints, sometimes very different if not contrasting. In each chapter, a broad tutorial introduction provides a solid physical background to the topic, which is further discussed based on recent experimental results obtained via state-of-the-art techniques. Both the molecular, intra-chain character and the solid state, inter-molecular physics is addressed. Reports on single molecule and single polymer chain spectroscopy introduce the on-site phenomena. Several chapters are dedicated to nano-probes, steady state and transient spectroscopies. The highly ordered state, occurring in single crystals, is also discussed thoroughly. Finally, less conventional tools such as THz spectroscopy are discussed in detail. The book provides a useful introduction to the field for newcomers, and a valid reference for experienced researchers in the field.
Author: S. H. Lin Publisher: World Scientific ISBN: 9812796584 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 431
Book Description
In view of the rapid growth in both experimental and theoretical studies of multiphoton processes and multiphoton spectroscopy of atoms, ions and molecules in chemistry, physics, biology, material sciences, etc., it is desirable to publish an Advanced Series that contains review papers readable not only by active researchers in these areas, but also by those who are not experts in the field but who intend to enter the field. The present series attempts to serve this purpose. Each review article is written in a self-contained manner by the experts in the area so that the readers can grasp the knowledge in the area without too much preparation. The topics covered in this volume include OC Ultrafast Photochemical Dynamics in Solution Studied by Femtosecond Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Involvement of Highly Excited StatesOCO, OC Spectral Selective Studies of Molecular Doped Solids and ApplicationsOCO, OC From Multiphoton to Tunnel IonizationOCO, OC Cluster Dynamics in Intense Laser FieldsOCO, and OC Molecular Theory of Sum-Frequency Generation and its Application to Study Molecular ChiralityOCO. It is hoped that the collection of topics in this volume will be useful not only to active researchers but also to other scientists in biology, chemistry, materials science and physics. This book has been selected for coverage in: . OCo CC / Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences. OCo Index to Scientific Book Contents- (ISBC). Contents: Ultrafast Photochemical Dynamics in Solution Studied by Femtosecond Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Involvement of Highly Excited States (T Tahara); Spectral Selective Studies of Molecular Doped Solids and Applications (J-P Galaup); From Multiphoton to Tunnel Ionization (S L Chin); Cluster Dynamics in Intense Laser Fields (D Mathur); Molecular Theory of Sum-frequency Generations and Its Applications to Study Molecular Chirality (M Hayashi & S H Lin). Readership: Graduate students and researchers in chemistry, biology, materials science and physics."
Author: Andrzej Plonka
Author: Andrzej Plonka
Author: Carl Richard Kemnitz
Author: Jacques Breton
Author: Johannes Kästner
Author: Vladimir Vasilʹevich Uchaĭkin
Author: Johann Deisenhofer
Author: Salvatore Fanali
Author: Guglielmo Lanzani
Author: Andrzej Plonka
Author: S. H. Lin