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Author: Barry, Boubacar Publisher: IWMI ISBN: 9290907371 Category : Languages : en Pages : 34
Book Description
The Atankwidi Catchment, which lies in the White Volta Basin in West Africa, is intensively cultivated by locals for economic gains. During dry seasons, farmers irrigate their crops, chiefly tomatoes, using shallow groundwater harvested from shallow ponds they dig using simple tools like an axe, hoe, bucket and bowls. Recent expansion in cultivated areas has brought to the fore the need to estimate the volume of shallow groundwater stored in the catchment’s underlying aquifer and to what extent it can sustain the incremental growth in irrigated areas.
Author: Barry, Boubacar Publisher: IWMI ISBN: 9290907371 Category : Languages : en Pages : 34
Book Description
The Atankwidi Catchment, which lies in the White Volta Basin in West Africa, is intensively cultivated by locals for economic gains. During dry seasons, farmers irrigate their crops, chiefly tomatoes, using shallow groundwater harvested from shallow ponds they dig using simple tools like an axe, hoe, bucket and bowls. Recent expansion in cultivated areas has brought to the fore the need to estimate the volume of shallow groundwater stored in the catchment’s underlying aquifer and to what extent it can sustain the incremental growth in irrigated areas.
Author: Nicola Martin Publisher: Cuvillier Verlag ISBN: 3736918852 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 187
Book Description
Regolith aquifers in the weathered zone overlying Precambrian basement rocks serve as the main source of groundwater in a large part of the Volta River basin in West Africa. A prerequisite for sustainable groundwater resources management is the knowledge of recharge processes and the annual recharge rate. This research assesses the water balance, and in particular the groundwater recharge rate, for the Atankwidi catchment, a 275 km² sub-catchment of the White Volta in northern Ghana. Large uncertainties are typically inherent in any singular method to determine groundwater recharge. For this reason, an integrated approach is developed in this work which makes use of several field methods and combines results from these methods with water budget modeling. Field methods included in this approach are groundwater level observations, isotope analyses and a Chloride mass balance. The Atankwidi catchment falls within the semi-arid Sudan-Savanna climate zone. The climate is characterized by high temperatures and a single rainy season from May to October with an average annual rainfall of 990 mm. The hydrogeological system consists of three aquifers: The discontinuous, shallow aquifer, the regolith aquifer and the fracture aquifer. The principal aquifer is the regolith aquifer in the weathered mantle, which is usually targeted for drinking water supply. It forms a continuous aquifer with an average saturated thickness of 25 m and a hydraulic conductivity of 2.5E-6 to 2.5E-5 m/s. Recharge rates vary considerably between wet and dry years and between locations, with a range of 2 % to 13 % of annual rainfall. The long term recharge rate is determined by the Chloride mass balance to be approximately 6 % of average annual rainfall. The research emphasizes the importance of high rainfall intensities in creating groundwater recharge. Interannual comparison of water level fluctuations shows that a decrease in annual rainfall of 20 % causes a reduction of groundwater recharge of 30 % to 60 %. The impact of changing quantities of annual rainfall on groundwater recharge is overestimated by methods that do not account for infiltration by preferential flow. A long term average groundwater recharge of 60 mm/y compares to a total current groundwater abstraction of 4 mm/y in the study area, which is one of the areas with the highest groundwater use per km² in the Volta River basin. Recharge is therefore currently not a limiting factor for groundwater resources development. Water budget modeling using WaSIM-ETH calculates that 63 % of annual rainfall is lost to evapotranspiration in a wet year (2003), and 82 % in a dry year (2004). In the investigated mesoscale catchment 23 % and 11 % of annual rainfall end up as surface run-off in a wet year and a dry year, respectively. Approximately 40 % of surface run-off consists of interflow, while the main fraction is direct run-off. Base flow from groundwater is negligible. Groundwater flow in the regolith aquifer is modeled with Visual Modflow, assuming average hydraulic conductivities as determined by pumping test evaluation. The model calculatesthat only about 5 % of groundwater recharge leaves the basin as groundwater flow. This is evidence that the regolith aquifer does not contribute to a large extent to regional groundwater flow. Leakage to localized zones of high hydraulic conductivity of the fracture aquifer, which underlies the regolith aquifer, could act as a main sink of groundwater recharge. However, the exact location and hydraulic properties of fracture zones are largely unknown, so that the flux from the regolith aquifer to these fractures as well as the amount of flow through fractures is impossible to estimate at present. Pumping tests with observation wells to assess the specific yield, long-term pumping test at the basin outlet and a continuation of groundwater hydrograph recording at high temporal resolution could largely enhance the knowledge of hydraulic properties in the future. The groundwater model could then be improved and extended to gain certainty on the characteristics of groundwater flow.
Author: Paul Pavelic Publisher: Taylor & Francis ISBN: 1000866440 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 237
Book Description
This book provides a comprehensive analysis of the benefits and challenges of intensifying groundwater irrigation in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) for improving smallholder agrarian livelihoods. Only about 3% of the groundwater resources of Sub-Saharan Africa are used for irrigated agriculture despite the subcontinent’s relative abundance of groundwater. The majority of the region’s smallholders are highly dependent on seasonal dryland cropping, making them extremely vulnerable to uncertain weather patterns and droughts. Improved irrigation capabilities through sustainable groundwater development could unleash smallholder farming and make it a major driver of economic growth, poverty reduction, climate resilience, and improved food security. So, why is groundwater so underused? Tapping into groundwater requires a major shift in farming practices and it has its own challenges and requirements – smallholder access to land and finance for irrigation infrastructure and equipment, gendered and equitable adoption options. This whole list is framed in terms of what the smallholder farmers need. Hence, this should also be put in this context, supply chains, energy access, resource availability, and institutional support. The chapters in this book present a picture that is not only heterogeneous across the region, but also hold some common denominators. They serve to enrich the discourse and help better understand the barriers along the pathways toward the sustainable and transformative adoption of groundwater irrigation. The scientific information provided herein would be of interest to researchers, practitioners, decision makers and planners with interest in the region. This book was originally published as a Special Issue of Water International journal.
Author: Purna Nayak Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand ISBN: 953510246X Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 326
Book Description
Hydrology is the science that deals with the processes governing the depletion and replenishment of water resources of the earth's land areas. The purpose of this book is to put together recent developments on hydrology and water resources engineering. First section covers surface water modeling and second section deals with groundwater modeling. The aim of this book is to focus attention on the management of surface water and groundwater resources. Meeting the challenges and the impact of climate change on water resources is also discussed in the book. Most chapters give insights into the interpretation of field information, development of models, the use of computational models based on analytical and numerical techniques, assessment of model performance and the use of these models for predictive purposes. It is written for the practicing professionals and students, mathematical modelers, hydrogeologists and water resources specialists.
Author: Timothy O. Williams Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 131747953X Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 376
Book Description
The Volta River Basin (VRB) is an important transboundary basin in West Africa that covers approximately 410,000 square kilometres across six countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Mali and Togo. Its natural resources sustain the livelihoods of its population and contribute to economic development. This book provides a comprehensive, interdisciplinary review and assessment of the issues and challenges faced. The authors provide a science-based assessment of current and future scenarios of water availability, the demands of key sectors, including agriculture and hydropower, and the environment under changing demographic, economic, social and climatic conditions. They also identify solutions and strategies that will allow available water resources to be sustainably used to improve agricultural productivity, food security and economic growth in the VRB. Overall, the work examines from a multidisciplinary and multi-stakeholder perspective the solutions and strategies to improve the use of water and other natural resources in the VRB to achieve enhanced food security, livelihoods and economic growth.
Author: Eric Antwi Ofosu Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1466552824 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 282
Book Description
Sub-Saharan Africa has an irrigation potential of about 42 million hectares of which only 17% is developed. Despite several investments in irrigation the growth is slow. This study aims at helping to achieve sustainable irrigation in sub-Saharan Africa, through gaining a better understanding of productive irrigation water use and effective manageme
Author: Fernando António Leal Pacheco Publisher: MDPI ISBN: 3039286447 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 332
Book Description
This book on the sustainable use of soils and water addressed a variety of issues related to the utopian desire for environmental sustainability and the deviations from this scene observed in the real world. Competing interests for land are frequently a factor in land degradation, especially where the adopted land uses do not conform with the land capability (the natural use of soil). The concerns of researchers about these matters are presented in the articles comprising this Special Issue book. Various approaches were used to assess the (im)balance between economic profit and environmental conservation in various regions, in addition to potential routes to bring landscapes back to a sustainable status being disclosed.
Author: Segun Adelana Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 0415452732 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 520
Book Description
Groundwater is Africa’s most precious natural resource, providing reliable water supplies for many people. Further development of groundwater resources is fundamental to increasing access to safe water across the continent to meet coverage targets and reduce poverty. There is also an increasing interest in the use of groundwater for irrigated agriculture as the climate becomes more variable. Sustainable development of the resource is not a trivial task and depends crucially on an understanding of the hydrogeology and people with the skills to make informed decisions on how groundwater can best be developed and managed in a sustainable fashion. Despite these obvious needs, however, little attention has been paid to the systematic gathering of information about groundwater resources in the past few decades, with the result that data are patchy, knowledge is limited and investment is poorly targeted. This book was written to start to bridge the knowledge gap. The 29 chapters are written by a combination of practitioners and researchers mainly from within Africa using experience from recent and ongoing projects. The chapters highlight the complexity and variety of issues surrounding the development and management of groundwater resources across Africa, and provide a snapshot of groundwater research and application in the early 21st century. Chapters range from strategic discussions of the role of groundwater in development and poverty reduction, to case studies on techniques used to develop groundwater, and modelling methods for managing groundwater systems.
Author: Barry, Boubacar
Author: Barry, Boubacar
Author: Nicola Martin
Author: Paul Pavelic
Author: Purna Nayak
Author: Timothy O. Williams
Author: Eric Antwi Ofosu
Author: Fernando António Leal Pacheco
Author: Gebrezgabher, Solomie
Author: Segun Adelana
Author: Damaris Achieng Odeny