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Author: Khaled Khalili Publisher: ISBN: Category : Chemical detectors Languages : en Pages : 88
Book Description
In the upgrading of heavy feeds, it is essential to avoid the onset formation of mesophase, which is considered a precursor for coke formation. The formation of this aromatic dense phase leads to serious problems such as catalyst deactivation, limiting the vacuum residue conversion, and fouling in the reactors and the downstream equipment; subsequently, a costly mechanical removal will be necessary to remove the coke. Therefore, tracking of the mesophase formation at in-situ conditions is important step towards avoiding the onset formation of carbonaceous mesophase. In this work, a fiber-coupled in-situ Raman hot reactor was designed, constructed and validated. The system has been developed as on-line chemical sensor to track evolution of the two graphitization Raman bands associated with the mesophase formation, namely the 1575cm-1 band and the band located near 1340cm-1. The operation of the system is based on acquiring real-time backscattered Raman spectra from a hot stage reactor running at high temperature and sometimes high-pressure conditions. The outcome of this system has been validated using non-reactive and reactive systems. In terms of non-reactive systems, the spectra of some common solvents such as toluene and 1-methylnapthalene have been acquired using this system and then compared with the published spectra; excellent spectral matching in the range of ± 5cm-1 is observed. On the other hand, the hydro-desulfurization reaction of benzothiophene using 1-methylnapthalene as a solvent has been used as a model reaction for system validation. This reaction has been conducted ex-situ and in-situ at the same experimental conditions i.e. 290° C and 2.5 MPa of hydrogen pressure. The GC/MS analysis of the ex-situ shows hydrodesulphurization of benzothiophene and formation of ethylbenzene, which is in agreement with the well-known chemistry of this reaction; in addition, a considerable hydrogenation of the solvent was observed in the products of the ex-situ runs, which confirms the hydrogenation capability of the used catalyst. The spectral data, which have been acquired during the in-situ runs, have been preprocessed using the airPLS algorithm to remove the fluorescence background from the spectra that have been then analyzed using multivariate PCA analysis. The PCA analysis confirms the evolution of the Raman bands associated with ethylbenze formation and the decline of the Raman bands attributed to benzothiophen; moreover, the PCA analysis also shows a concomitant decrease of the aromatic content of the mixture via hydrogenation of aromatic rings which confirms the hydrogenation of the solvent that have been observed in the ex-situ runs.
Author: Khaled Khalili Publisher: ISBN: Category : Chemical detectors Languages : en Pages : 88
Book Description
In the upgrading of heavy feeds, it is essential to avoid the onset formation of mesophase, which is considered a precursor for coke formation. The formation of this aromatic dense phase leads to serious problems such as catalyst deactivation, limiting the vacuum residue conversion, and fouling in the reactors and the downstream equipment; subsequently, a costly mechanical removal will be necessary to remove the coke. Therefore, tracking of the mesophase formation at in-situ conditions is important step towards avoiding the onset formation of carbonaceous mesophase. In this work, a fiber-coupled in-situ Raman hot reactor was designed, constructed and validated. The system has been developed as on-line chemical sensor to track evolution of the two graphitization Raman bands associated with the mesophase formation, namely the 1575cm-1 band and the band located near 1340cm-1. The operation of the system is based on acquiring real-time backscattered Raman spectra from a hot stage reactor running at high temperature and sometimes high-pressure conditions. The outcome of this system has been validated using non-reactive and reactive systems. In terms of non-reactive systems, the spectra of some common solvents such as toluene and 1-methylnapthalene have been acquired using this system and then compared with the published spectra; excellent spectral matching in the range of ± 5cm-1 is observed. On the other hand, the hydro-desulfurization reaction of benzothiophene using 1-methylnapthalene as a solvent has been used as a model reaction for system validation. This reaction has been conducted ex-situ and in-situ at the same experimental conditions i.e. 290° C and 2.5 MPa of hydrogen pressure. The GC/MS analysis of the ex-situ shows hydrodesulphurization of benzothiophene and formation of ethylbenzene, which is in agreement with the well-known chemistry of this reaction; in addition, a considerable hydrogenation of the solvent was observed in the products of the ex-situ runs, which confirms the hydrogenation capability of the used catalyst. The spectral data, which have been acquired during the in-situ runs, have been preprocessed using the airPLS algorithm to remove the fluorescence background from the spectra that have been then analyzed using multivariate PCA analysis. The PCA analysis confirms the evolution of the Raman bands associated with ethylbenze formation and the decline of the Raman bands attributed to benzothiophen; moreover, the PCA analysis also shows a concomitant decrease of the aromatic content of the mixture via hydrogenation of aromatic rings which confirms the hydrogenation of the solvent that have been observed in the ex-situ runs.
Author: David Gorman Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 55
Book Description
Supercritical water technology has the potential to enable the safe and complete destruction of hazardous chemical compounds, including chemical waste and chemical warfare agents. While the underlying technology shows promise, quantitative determination of chemical kinetic rates under these conditions are needed to facilitate the design of full scale technology. Collecting these needed data requires a versatile reactor capable of determining chemical decomposition rates. Critical parameters include temperature, residence time, and catalytic wall effects. The literature shows significant differences in the published chemical kinetic rates, which is at least partially attributed to variations in reactor design. To determine best practices, existing reactor designs, components, and technologies, as well as some promising new technologies, are reviewed. From this overview, a reactor specialized for the gasification of organic compounds was designed featuring in situ Raman monitoring of the effluent stream. In addition to the design of the reactor, some basic processing techniques for Raman baseline signal subtraction are discussed, along with preliminary results for organic compounds decomposition. With the reactor completed, the rapid determination of chemical kinetic rates in supercritical water becomes possible for a wide range of reagents and operating conditions.
Author: International Atomic Energy Agency Publisher: ISBN: 9789201253101 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 639
Book Description
This publication reports on the results of a coordinated research project on advances in high temperature gas cooled reactor (HTGR) fuel technology and describes the findings of research activities on coated particle developments. These comprise two specific benchmark exercises with the application of HTGR fuel performance and fission product release codes, which helped compare the quality and validity of the computer models against experimental data. The project participants also examined techniques for fuel characterization and advanced quality assessment/quality control. The key exercise included a round-robin experimental study on the measurements of fuel kernel and particle coating properties of recent Korean, South African and US coated particle productions applying the respective qualification measures of each participating Member State. The summary report documents the results and conclusions achieved by the project and underlines the added value to contemporary knowledge on HTGR fuel.
Author: Ewen Smith Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1118681320 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 248
Book Description
This book reflects the dramatic increase in the number of Raman spectrometers being sold to and used by non-expert practitioners. It contains coverage of Resonance Raman and SERS, two hot areas of Raman, in a form suitable for the non-expert. Builds Raman theory up in stages without overloading the reader with complex theory Includes two chapters on instrumentation and interpretation that shows how Raman spectra can be obtained and interpreted Explains the potential of using Raman spectroscopy in a wide variety of applications Includes detailed, but concise information and worked examples
Author: Regine Eibl Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1119477786 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 367
Book Description
Authoritative guide to the principles, characteristics, engineering aspects, economics, and applications of disposables in the manufacture of biopharmaceuticals The revised and updated second edition of Single-Use Technology in Biopharmaceutical Manufacture offers a comprehensive examination of the most-commonly used disposables in the manufacture of biopharmaceuticals. The authors—noted experts on the topic—provide the essential information on the principles, characteristics, engineering aspects, economics, and applications. This authoritative guide contains the basic knowledge and information about disposable equipment. The author also discusses biopharmaceuticals’ applications through the lens of case studies that clearly illustrate the role of manufacturing, quality assurance, and environmental influences. This updated second edition revises existing information with recent developments that have taken place since the first edition was published. The book also presents the latest advances in the field of single-use technology and explores topics including applying single-use devices for microorganisms, human mesenchymal stem cells, and T-cells. This important book: • Contains an updated and end-to-end view of the development and manufacturing of single-use biologics • Helps in the identification of appropriate disposables and relevant vendors • Offers illustrative case studies that examine manufacturing, quality assurance, and environmental influences • Includes updated coverage on cross-functional/transversal dependencies, significant improvements made by suppliers, and the successful application of the single-use technologies Written for biopharmaceutical manufacturers, process developers, and biological and chemical engineers, Single-Use Technology in Biopharmaceutical Manufacture, 2nd Edition provides the information needed for professionals to come to an easier decision for or against disposable alternatives and to choose the appropriate system.
Author: Jan Toporski Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319753800 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 603
Book Description
This second edition provides a cutting-edge overview of physical, technical and scientific aspects related to the widely used analytical method of confocal Raman microscopy. The book includes expanded background information and adds insights into how confocal Raman microscopy, especially 3D Raman imaging, can be integrated with other methods to produce a variety of correlative microscopy combinations. The benefits are then demonstrated and supported by numerous examples from the fields of materials science, 2D materials, the life sciences, pharmaceutical research and development, as well as the geosciences.
Author: Peter Kleinebudde Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1119001323 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 645
Book Description
A comprehensive look at existing technologies and processes for continuous manufacturing of pharmaceuticals As rising costs outpace new drug development, the pharmaceutical industry has come under intense pressure to improve the efficiency of its manufacturing processes. Continuous process manufacturing provides a proven solution. Among its many benefits are: minimized waste, energy consumption, and raw material use; the accelerated introduction of new drugs; the use of smaller production facilities with lower building and capital costs; the ability to monitor drug quality on a continuous basis; and enhanced process reliability and flexibility. Continuous Manufacturing of Pharmaceuticals prepares professionals to take advantage of that exciting new approach to improving drug manufacturing efficiency. This book covers key aspects of the continuous manufacturing of pharmaceuticals. The first part provides an overview of key chemical engineering principles and the current regulatory environment. The second covers existing technologies for manufacturing both small-molecule-based products and protein/peptide products. The following section is devoted to process analytical tools for continuously operating manufacturing environments. The final two sections treat the integration of several individual parts of processing into fully operating continuous process systems and summarize state-of-art approaches for innovative new manufacturing principles. Brings together the essential know-how for anyone working in drug manufacturing, as well as chemical, food, and pharmaceutical scientists working on continuous processing Covers chemical engineering principles, regulatory aspects, primary and secondary manufacturing, process analytical technology and quality-by-design Contains contributions from researchers in leading pharmaceutical companies, the FDA, and academic institutions Offers an extremely well-informed look at the most promising future approaches to continuous manufacturing of innovative pharmaceutical products Timely, comprehensive, and authoritative, Continuous Manufacturing of Pharmaceuticals is an important professional resource for researchers in industry and academe working in the fields of pharmaceuticals development and manufacturing.
Author: Khaled Khalili
Author: Khaled Khalili
Author: John David Busbee
Author: David Gorman
Author: International Atomic Energy Agency
Author: Ewen Smith
Author: 
Author: Regine Eibl
Author: 
Author: Jan Toporski
Author: Peter Kleinebudde