Author: Energetics (Firm)Publisher:
ISBN: 9780642191168
Category : Hot-water heating
Languages : en
Pages : 117
Book Description
Development and Demonstration of a High Temperature Heat Pump for Commercial Water Heating
Author: Energetics (Firm)Publisher:
ISBN: 9780642191168
Category : Hot-water heating
Languages : en
Pages : 117
Book Description
Energy Research Abstracts
Author: Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
Author: Reliable, Economic, Efficient CO2 Heat Pump Water Heater for North America
Author: Young ParkPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
Adoption of heat pump water heating technology for commercial hot water could save up to 0.4 quads of energy and 5 million metric tons of CO2 production annually in North America, but industry perception is that this technology does not offer adequate performance or reliability and comes at too high of a cost. Development and demonstration of a CO2 heat pump water heater is proposed to reduce these barriers to adoption. Three major themes are addressed: market analysis to understand barriers to adoption, use of advanced reliability models to design optimum qualification test plans, and field testing of two phases of water heater prototypes. Market experts claim that beyond good performance, market adoption requires 'drop and forget' system reliability and a six month payback of first costs. Performance, reliability and cost targets are determined and reliability models are developed to evaluate the minimum testing required to meet reliability targets. Three phase 1 prototypes are designed and installed in the field. Based on results from these trials a product specification is developed and a second phase of five field trial units are built and installed. These eight units accumulate 11 unit-years of service including 15,650 hours and 25,242 cycles of compressor operation. Performance targets can be met. An availability of 60% is achieved and the capability to achieve>90% is demonstrated, but overall reliability is below target, with an average of 3.6 failures/unit-year on the phase 2 demonstration. Most reliability issues are shown to be common to new HVAC products, giving high confidence in mature product reliability, but the need for further work to minimize leaks and ensure reliability of the electronic expansion valve is clear. First cost is projected to be above target, leading to an expectation of 8-24 month payback when substituted for an electric water heater. Despite not meeting all targets, arguments are made that an industry leader could sufficiently develop this technology to impact the water heater market in the near term.
Energy
Author: Development of High Efficiency Carbon Dioxide Commercial Heat Pump Water Heater
Author: Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
Although heat pump water heaters are today widely accepted in both Japan and Europe, where energy costs are high and government incentives for their use exist, acceptance of such products in the US has been limited. While this trend is slowly changing with the introduction of heat pump water heaters into the residential market, but acceptance remains low in the commercial sector. The objective of the presented work is the development of a high efficiency R744 heat pump water heater for commercial applications with effective utilization of the cooling capability for air conditioning and/or refrigeration. The ultimate goal is to achieve total system COP of up to 8. This unit will be targeted at commercial use where some cooling load is typically needed year round, such as restaurants, hotels, nursing homes, and hospitals. This paper presents the performance results from the development of four R744 commercial heat pump water heater packages of approximately 35 kW and comparison to a commercially available baseline R134a unit of the same capacity and footprint. In addition, the influences of an internal heat exchanger and an enhanced evaporator on the system performance are described and recommendations are made for further improvements of the R744 system.
Directory of solar energy research activities in the United States
Author: Domestic refinery development and improvement act of 1979
Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Subcommittee on Energy RegulationPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Petroleum law and legislation
Languages : en
Pages : 1408
Book Description
Energy: a Continuing Bibliography with Indexes
Author: Inventory of Energy Research and Development, 1973-1975: Indexes and appendices
Author: Oak Ridge National LaboratoryPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Power resources
Languages : en
Pages : 1462
Book Description