Author: Paul Starkey Publisher: World Bank Publications ISBN: 9780821351857 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 74
Book Description
Many inhabitants of rural areas in developing countries lack adequate and affordable access to transport infrastructure services, and this lack of transport opportunities constrains economic and social development. This report looks at the role of rural transport in reducing poverty and considers a range of issues affecting rural mobility including costs, stakeholders involved, population densities and competing services. It examines policies for promoting rural mobility including financial and regulatory considerations.
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309452961 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 583
Book Description
In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.
Author: Ms.Sonali Jain-Chandra Publisher: International Monetary Fund ISBN: 1484357531 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 31
Book Description
China has experienced rapid economic growth over the past two decades and is on the brink of eradicating poverty. However, income inequality increased sharply from the early 1980s and rendered China among the most unequal countries in the world. This trend has started to reverse as China has experienced a modest decline in inequality since 2008. This paper identifies various drivers behind these trends – including structural changes such as urbanization and aging and, more recently, policy initiatives to combat it. It finds that policies will need to play an important role in curbing inequality in the future, as projected structural trends will put further strain on equity considerations. In particular, fiscal policy reforms have the potential to enhance inclusiveness and equity, both on the tax and expenditure side.
Author: Cristiano Perugini Publisher: Springer ISBN: 1137460989 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 514
Book Description
The book deals with the key aspects of social and economic inequalities developed during the transition of the formerly planned European economies. Particular emphasis is given to the latest years available in order to consider the effects of the global crisis started in 2008-2009.
Author: Lire Ersado Publisher: World Bank Publications ISBN: Category : Income Languages : en Pages : 28
Book Description
"The author examines, taking into account the urban-rural divides, the changes and welfare implications of income diversification in Zimbabwe following macroeconomic policy changes and droughts of the early 1990s. Data from two comparable national income, consumption and expenditure surveys in 1990-91 and 1995-96, which straddled a period of economic volatility and natural disasters, show that the percentage of households earning income from private and informal sources grew considerably, while that from government and formal sources declined in the aftermath of the drought and policy changes. The author finds that, in general, rural households tend to have a more diversified portfolio of income compared with their urban counterparts, and the degree of diversification decreases with the level of urbanization. However, there are important differences in the level of diversification within the rural and urban areas depending on wealth: While the relatively better-off households have a more diversified income base in rural areas, it is the poor who pursue multiple income sources in urban areas. A decomposition of changes in welfare indicates that the total contribution of income diversification is large and increased between 1990-91 and 1995-96 in both urban and rural areas. On the other hand, there were significant declines in returns to human and physical capital assets during the same period. The findings suggest that households with a more diversified income base are better able to withstand the unfavorable impacts of the policy and weather shocks. The fact that relatively better-off households have a more diversified income base following the shocks implies that the poor are more vulnerable to economic changes unaccompanied by well-designed safety nets. "--World Bank web site.
Author: Youchao Deng Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 9811615209 Category : Education Languages : en Pages : 389
Book Description
The articles in this book are from Educational Research—the top academic journal in the field of education research in China. It covers education theory and philosophy, basic education, education economy and management and other fields, focusing on the hot and frontier issues of Education in China 2019, such as the development of artificial intelligence and education, the contribution of education to green GDP, rural education teams and policies, vocational education development, and so on. Educational researchers in the college and university, educational policy makers and frontline teaching staff would be interested in it. By focusing on the current hot issues and frontier education issues, the book explores the deep theoretical basis behind the phenomenon, so as to establish in the reader’s mind the connections between theory and practice, China and world.
Author: Yehua Dennis Wei Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1134591268 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 257
Book Description
This study systematically examines uneven regional development in China, focusing on three central agents: the foreign investor, the state and the region. Wei's findings have important implications for theories of, and policy towards, Chinese regional development. This book is a vital resource for those with an interest in transition economies.
Author: Tamara Perkins Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1317794419 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 208
Book Description
The existing literature on rural China characterizes socioeconomic diversity as a uniquely regional phenomenon: north versus south, coastal versus inland, urban versus rural. Unlike most work done at the village level, this book shows the large variations between the twenty-three villages within one suburban township, including wide differences in size, lineage structure, economic activities, and levels of well-being. Furthermore, these village differences are intimately linked to historical variations which are just as striking.
Author: Aida Mustapha Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 9819928508 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 433
Book Description
This book presents peer-reviewed articles and recent advances on the potential applications of Science and Mathematics for future technologies, from the 8th International Conference on the Applications of Science and Mathematics (SCIEMATHIC 2022), held in Malaysia. It provides an insight about the leading trends in sustainable Science and Technology. Topics included in this proceedings are in the areas of Mathematics and Statistics, including Natural Science, Engineering and Artificial Intelligence.
Author: Göran Djurfeldt Publisher: CABI ISBN: 1845937163 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 396
Book Description
This book investigates how the changed agricultural policy climate affected government policies in the nine countries studied already as part of the preceding project: Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia. By repeating the cross-sectional survey made in over 100 villages in 2002 and converting it into a panel, it is possible to trace village- and household-level effects of agricultural policies and other macro-level processes. The book consists of 14 chapters most of which revolve around studies on each of the nine case study countries.
Author: Paul Starkey
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Author: Ms.Sonali Jain-Chandra
Author: Cristiano Perugini
Author: Lire Ersado
Author: Youchao Deng
Author: Yehua Dennis Wei
Author: Tamara Perkins
Author: Aida Mustapha
Author: Göran Djurfeldt