Detection of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Bovine Somatostatin and Somatostatin Receptor 2 Genes and Estimation of Genetic Trend in IGF-I Concentration and Correlated Response in Growth Traits in Lines of Angus Beef Cattle Divergently Selected for Serum IGF-I Concentration PDF Download
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Author: Wei-Cheng Huang Publisher: ISBN: Category : Aberdeen-Angus cattle Languages : en Pages : 214
Book Description
Abstract: A selection experiment was established in 1989 to investigate developmental patterns of serum IGF-I concentration and body growth in purebred Angus cattle. At the beginning of the selection experiment, 100 spring-calving (50 high line and 50 low line) and 100 fall-calving (50 high line and 50 low line) calves with unknown IGF-I concentration were randomly assigned to the selection lines at the Eastern Agricultural Research Station, Belle Valley, OH. Previous studies have shown that polymorphisms in the growth hormone gene are associated with production traits in cattle (Lagziel et al., 1996; Lee et al., 1996; Yao et al., 1996). Somatostatin (SST) plays an important role in inhibiting the secretion of growth hormone. Somatostatin action is mediated through its five G-protein-coupled receptors (SSTR15̃). Therefore, the first aim of this study was to investigate whether there were polymorphisms in bovine SST and SSTR2 genes that might affect growth performance and carcass characteristics. Genomic DNA was extracted from 410 Angus cattle born in spring and fall of 2000 to 2002 at the Eastern Agricultural Research Station. The entire region of SST and SSTR2 was amplified using four overlapping primer pairs. The pool and sequence method was used to detect polymorphisms. Five cattle, one randomly chosen from each of five of the eight combinations of sex, season, and line, formed an Angus panel. One animal from each of five different breeds (Chianina, Holstein, Jersey, Polled Hereford, and Shorthorn) formed a breed panel for polymorphism detection. Eleven SNPs, SST111 (DraIII), SST1778 (Earl), SST1788 and SST1836 (MnlI) in SST, and SSTR339 (BccI), SSTR393 (Hpy1881), SSTR366 (BstF5I), SSTR495, SSTR501, SSTR558 (BsrI), and SSTR760 (BstEII) in SSTR2, were detected in our study. Four new SNPs were identified in the sequence of the SST gene. One new SNP (SST111), which can be identified by restriction enzyme DraIII, was detected in the promoter region of the somatostatin gene. This polymorphism involves an A to C transversion at nucleotide position 111. One polymorphism (SST 1778), which can be identified by restriction enzyme Earl, was detected in the 3' region of the somatostatin gene in the Angus panel. This polymorphism involves a C to T transition at nucleotide position 1778. One polymorphism (SST1788), which can not be identified by restriction enzymes, was detected in the 3' region of the somatostatin gene in the Angus panel. This polymorphism involves a C to G transversion at nucleotide position 1788. Another polymorphism (SST1836), which can be identified by restriction enzyme MnlI, was detected in the 3' region of the somatostatin gene in the breed panel. This polymorphism involves a G to A transition at nucleotide position 1836. Seven new SNPs were identified in the coding region of the SSTR2 gene. For the first SNP, SSTR339 (BccI), the transversion (C339G) at nucleotide position 339 results in an amino acid substitution (Ile113Met). The second SNP, SSTR366 In (BstF5I), involves a C to T transition in codon 122. This polymorphism does not change the amino acid glycine. These two SNPs were found in both panels. The third SNP, SSTR393 (Hpy188I), involves T to C transition in codon 131. This polymorphism does not change the amino acid cysteine. This polymorphism was only found in the Angus panel. The fourth SNP, SSTR495, which involves a G to A transition in codon 165, occurred only in the breed panel. This polymorphism does not change the amino acid cysteine. The fifth SNP, SSTR501, which involves a T to C transition in codon 167, occurred only in the Angus panel. This polymorphism does not change the amino acid cysteine. Two polymorphisms were found only in the breed panel. For the first SNP, SSTR760 (BstEII), the transversion (A760T) at nucleotide position 760 results in an amino acid substitution (Thr254Ser). For the second SNP, SSTR558 (BsrI), the transversion (G558C) at nucleotide position 558 also results in an amino acid substitution (Glu 186His). To estimate genetic parameters for growth traits and IGF-I concentration and to estimate direct and correlated responses to divergent selection for serum IGF-I concentration was our second objective. This study included the 1989 through 2002 calf crops. (Co)variance components were estimated for direct and maternal additive genetic effects using an animal model and Multiple-Trait Derivative-Free, Restricted Maximum Likelihood (MTDFREML) computer programs. Estimated breeding values were also calculated. Estimates of direct heritability for growth traits from a single trait model were generally moderate and ranged from 0.33 to 0.62, with birth weight having the smallest heritability and gain during the 20-d adjustment period between weaning and the beginning of the postweaning test having the highest heritability. Heritability estimates for direct effects were 0.38 ± 0.07, 0.42 ± 0.07, 0.33 ± 0.07, and 0.44 ± 0.07 for IGF-I concentration at d 28, 42, and 56 of the 140-d postweaning period, and for mean IGF-I concentration, respectively. Maternal heritability and the proportion of phenotypic variance due to permanent environmental effect of dam were generally
Author: Wei-Cheng Huang Publisher: ISBN: Category : Aberdeen-Angus cattle Languages : en Pages : 214
Book Description
Abstract: A selection experiment was established in 1989 to investigate developmental patterns of serum IGF-I concentration and body growth in purebred Angus cattle. At the beginning of the selection experiment, 100 spring-calving (50 high line and 50 low line) and 100 fall-calving (50 high line and 50 low line) calves with unknown IGF-I concentration were randomly assigned to the selection lines at the Eastern Agricultural Research Station, Belle Valley, OH. Previous studies have shown that polymorphisms in the growth hormone gene are associated with production traits in cattle (Lagziel et al., 1996; Lee et al., 1996; Yao et al., 1996). Somatostatin (SST) plays an important role in inhibiting the secretion of growth hormone. Somatostatin action is mediated through its five G-protein-coupled receptors (SSTR15̃). Therefore, the first aim of this study was to investigate whether there were polymorphisms in bovine SST and SSTR2 genes that might affect growth performance and carcass characteristics. Genomic DNA was extracted from 410 Angus cattle born in spring and fall of 2000 to 2002 at the Eastern Agricultural Research Station. The entire region of SST and SSTR2 was amplified using four overlapping primer pairs. The pool and sequence method was used to detect polymorphisms. Five cattle, one randomly chosen from each of five of the eight combinations of sex, season, and line, formed an Angus panel. One animal from each of five different breeds (Chianina, Holstein, Jersey, Polled Hereford, and Shorthorn) formed a breed panel for polymorphism detection. Eleven SNPs, SST111 (DraIII), SST1778 (Earl), SST1788 and SST1836 (MnlI) in SST, and SSTR339 (BccI), SSTR393 (Hpy1881), SSTR366 (BstF5I), SSTR495, SSTR501, SSTR558 (BsrI), and SSTR760 (BstEII) in SSTR2, were detected in our study. Four new SNPs were identified in the sequence of the SST gene. One new SNP (SST111), which can be identified by restriction enzyme DraIII, was detected in the promoter region of the somatostatin gene. This polymorphism involves an A to C transversion at nucleotide position 111. One polymorphism (SST 1778), which can be identified by restriction enzyme Earl, was detected in the 3' region of the somatostatin gene in the Angus panel. This polymorphism involves a C to T transition at nucleotide position 1778. One polymorphism (SST1788), which can not be identified by restriction enzymes, was detected in the 3' region of the somatostatin gene in the Angus panel. This polymorphism involves a C to G transversion at nucleotide position 1788. Another polymorphism (SST1836), which can be identified by restriction enzyme MnlI, was detected in the 3' region of the somatostatin gene in the breed panel. This polymorphism involves a G to A transition at nucleotide position 1836. Seven new SNPs were identified in the coding region of the SSTR2 gene. For the first SNP, SSTR339 (BccI), the transversion (C339G) at nucleotide position 339 results in an amino acid substitution (Ile113Met). The second SNP, SSTR366 In (BstF5I), involves a C to T transition in codon 122. This polymorphism does not change the amino acid glycine. These two SNPs were found in both panels. The third SNP, SSTR393 (Hpy188I), involves T to C transition in codon 131. This polymorphism does not change the amino acid cysteine. This polymorphism was only found in the Angus panel. The fourth SNP, SSTR495, which involves a G to A transition in codon 165, occurred only in the breed panel. This polymorphism does not change the amino acid cysteine. The fifth SNP, SSTR501, which involves a T to C transition in codon 167, occurred only in the Angus panel. This polymorphism does not change the amino acid cysteine. Two polymorphisms were found only in the breed panel. For the first SNP, SSTR760 (BstEII), the transversion (A760T) at nucleotide position 760 results in an amino acid substitution (Thr254Ser). For the second SNP, SSTR558 (BsrI), the transversion (G558C) at nucleotide position 558 also results in an amino acid substitution (Glu 186His). To estimate genetic parameters for growth traits and IGF-I concentration and to estimate direct and correlated responses to divergent selection for serum IGF-I concentration was our second objective. This study included the 1989 through 2002 calf crops. (Co)variance components were estimated for direct and maternal additive genetic effects using an animal model and Multiple-Trait Derivative-Free, Restricted Maximum Likelihood (MTDFREML) computer programs. Estimated breeding values were also calculated. Estimates of direct heritability for growth traits from a single trait model were generally moderate and ranged from 0.33 to 0.62, with birth weight having the smallest heritability and gain during the 20-d adjustment period between weaning and the beginning of the postweaning test having the highest heritability. Heritability estimates for direct effects were 0.38 ± 0.07, 0.42 ± 0.07, 0.33 ± 0.07, and 0.44 ± 0.07 for IGF-I concentration at d 28, 42, and 56 of the 140-d postweaning period, and for mean IGF-I concentration, respectively. Maternal heritability and the proportion of phenotypic variance due to permanent environmental effect of dam were generally
Author: Qun Zhao Publisher: ISBN: Category : Beef cattle Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Abstract: Growth and carcass traits are economically important traits of beef cattle and are under the control of multiple genes. Genetic markers for these candidate genes may be useful in marker-assisted selection. Three genes, Pit-1, growth hormone releasing hormone receptor (GHRH-R), and insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II), were analyzed in this study. Pit-1 is a pituitary specific transcription factor and is able to positively regulate the expression of growth hormone, prolactin, and thyrotrophin b subunit. GHRH-R is the receptor for growth hormone releasing hormone, which stimulates the secretion of growth hormone (GH) and regulates mammalian linear growth through its receptor. IGF-II has been shown to regulate pre-adolescent growth. Therefore, these three genes all influence growth and are important candidate genes. Angus beef cattle were divergently selected for high or low blood serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentration. DNA was extracted from blood samples and the target DNA segments were amplified by PCR. Primers were designed based on DNA or mRNA sequences in Genbank. When amplification was achieved, SSCP (single strand conformation polymorphism) analysis was used to screen for mutations within the amplified segment. After an SSCP polymorphism was found, the PCR product of the two homozygous segments was sent for sequencing in order to determine the nature of the detected polymorphism. Polymorphism Pit1E6H in the Pit-1 gene may be a useful marker for preweaning growth rate. Genotype OO was associated with lower birth weight and higher preweaning weight gain. The AciI polymorphism observed in the IGF-II gene may have a dominant effect on growth traits; the B allele was the favorable allele for growth rate. For carcass traits, genotype AB was the favorable genotype for both ribeye area and yield grade.
Author: Qing Qin Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 72
Book Description
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of divergent selection for serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentration on mature weight estimated using growth curve functions in Angus cattle. Multiple serum IGF-I measurements (d 28, d 42, d 56 of the 140-d postweaning period and the average of these 3, mean IGF) from a total of 2,514 animals and weight records from birth to at least 3 yr of age from a total of 172 animals were collected from an ongoing divergent selection experiment involving IGF-I that was initiated in 1989. Four growth curve functions (Brody, Logistic, Gompertz, Von Bertalanffy) were used to estimate the parameters for mature weight (A) and maturing rate (k) using the NLIN procedure in SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Based on the criteria of R2, MSE, AIC, and Log Likelihood, the Brody function fitted the weight-age data best, followed by the Von Bertalanffy function. The heritability estimates for serum IGF-I concentration at different ages and growth curve parameters from each function were obtained using a multiple-trait, derivative-free, REML program (MTDFREML). Genetic, environmental, and phenotypic correlations between mean IGF-I and growth curve parameters A and k were also obtained. The direct heritability (h2) estimates for serum IGF-I at d 28, 42, and 56 of the postweaning test were 0.42, 0.42, and 0.33, respectively. The h2 estimates for A from the 4 growth functions ranged from 0.77 to 1.00 in single-trait analyses. In 2-trait analyses, however, such estimates ranged from 0.26 to 0.41. The h2 estimates for k ranged from 0.12 to 0.33 in single-trait analyses, which were consistent with the results from the 2-trait analyses. The genetic correlations between mean IGF-I and A within each growth curve function ranged from -0.38 to -0.06. Although serum IGF-I was negatively genetically correlated with mature weight, the phenotypic correlation between these 2 traits was moderate (from 0.50 to 0.59) due to highly positive environmental correlations (mostly converged to 1.00). The growth curves for the low IGF-I selection line were exceeded the growth curves for the high IGF-I selection line in weight with an average difference of 10 kg after approximately 3 yr of age. This result suggests that selection for IGF-I may affect mature weight in Angus cattle and that the cows from the high IGF-I selection line may be more economical due to lighter mature weights and thus lower maintenance requirements.
Author: M. F. W. te Pas Publisher: Cabi ISBN: 9780851998114 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 411
Book Description
Number and size of muscle fibres in relation to meat production. Fibre type identification and functional characterization in adult livestock animals. Manipulation of muscle fibre number during prenatal development. The effect of growth and exercise on muscle characteristics in relation to meat quality. Nutrition, hormone receptor expression and gene interactions: implications for development and disease. The impact of minerals and micronutrients on growth control. Na+ K+-ATPase in skeletal muscle: significance of exercise and thyroid hormones for development and performance. local and ystemic regulation of muscle growth. Proteolytic systems and the regulation of muscle remodelling and breakdown. Themuscle regulatory factors gene family in relation to meat production.The muscle transcriptome. Genome analysis of QTL for muscle tissue development and meat quality. Functional genomics and proteomics in relation to muscle tissue. Role of myostatin in muscle growth. The callipyge mutation for sheep muscular hypertrophy genetics, physiology and meat quality. Genetic control of intramuscular fat accretion, Post-mortem muscle proteolysis and meat tenderness.Water-holding capacity of meat.
Author: Andrew P. Zbar Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9781852334826 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 486
Book Description
An understanding of the complex workings of the immune system is essential for all surgeons. Immune responses play a crucial part in the way human body reacts to infection and trauma. Immunology for Surgeons contains a high-level discussion of this difficult clinical area. The text looks at tumor immunobiology and immunotherapy as well as the worldwide results of various clinical trials. The topics discussed focus on relevant immunological and molecular biological trends for future treatment of complex surgical disease. The main objective of the text is to render a difficult area accessible for the postgraduate surgical trainee and established surgeon who is interested in immunology.
Author: Iqbal Ramzan Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1119564654 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 328
Book Description
A comprehensive primer and reference, this book provides pharmacists and health practitioners the relevant science and policy concepts behind biologics, biosimilars, and biobetters from a practical and clinical perspective. Explains what pharmacists need to discuss the equivalence, efficacy, safety, and risks of biosimilars with physicians, health practitioners, and patients about Guides regulators on pragmatic approaches to dealing with these drugs in the context of rapidly evolving scientific and clinical evidence Balances scientific information on complex drugs with practical information, such as a checklist for pharmacists
Author: Jian-Sheng Lin Publisher: Frontiers Media SA ISBN: 2889194345 Category : Brain Languages : en Pages : 100
Book Description
Brain aminergic pathways are organized in parallel and interacting systems, which support a range of functions, from homoeostatic regulations to cognitive, and motivational processes. Despite overlapping functional influences, dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline and histamine systems provide different contributions to these processes. The histaminergic system, long ignored as a major regulator of the sleep-wake cycle, has now been fully acknowledged also as a major coordinator of attention, learning and memory, decision making. Although histaminergic neurons project widely to the whole brain, they are functionally heterogeneous, a feature which may provide the substrate for differential regulation, in a region-specific manner, of other neurotransmitter systems. Neurochemical preclinical studies have clearly shown that histamine interacts and modulates the release of neurotransmitters that are recognized as major modulators of cognitive processing and motivated behaviours. As a consequence, the histamine system has been proposed as a therapeutic target to treat sleep-wake disorders and cognitive dysfunctions that accompany neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory pathologies. Last decades have witnessed an unexpected explosion of interest in brain histamine system, as new receptors have been discovered and selective ligands synthesised. Nevertheless, the complete picture of the histamine systems fine-tuning and its orchestration with other pathways remains rather elusive. This Research Topic is intended to offer an inter-disciplinary forum that will improve our current understanding of the role of brain histamine and provide the fundamentals necessary to drive innovation in clinical practice and to improve the management and treatment of neurological disorders.
Author: N.D. Carter Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1489907505 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 374
Book Description
As we approach the twenty-first century the problems of industrialization are evident: we find there is a greenhouse effect, the ozone layer is being depleted, the rain is acidified, and there is a terrible problem of increasing C0 concentrations in the atmo 2 sphere. The carbonic anhydrases are a unique family of enzymes that solve these problems in the human body: they are responsible for converting C0 (a gas) to 2 HC0-, which is the biggest intracellular buffer, with a concomitant decrease in a 3 hydroxyl ion. Globally, the functions of the carbonic anhydrases in photosynthesis in rain forests and in the algae and plankton that cover our oceans indicate that they are also of utmost importance in the maintenance of the acid-base balance on our planet. Although the whole field of C0 metabolism is enormous and still rapidly 2 expanding, because of the research interests of the editors this book is mainly concerned with mammalian carbonic anhydrases. However, if the interested reader intends to purify carbonic anhydrases from nonmammalian sources, Dr. Cheg widden has provided the necessary information in Chapter 7. The carbonic anhydrases were first discovered in 1933; until1976 there were thought to be only two isozymes. Since then CA ill, IY, V, VI, and Vll have been discovered and well characterized. There is, of course, no reason to believe that we have found them all.
Author: Zofia Zukowska Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9783764371555 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 302
Book Description
The NPY-family of peptides encompasses several groups of neurotransmitters and hormones, which exert diverse biological and pathological actions that bear on all major vital systems. The recognition of the role of NPY in stimulation of food intake has already resulted in discovery of potent and selective NPY receptor Y-5 antagonists which are in clinical development for obesity while NPY Y1 receptors are targeted for cardiovascular indications. Research into the multiple functions of NPY and its receptors in neurological and affective disorders are also actively pursued. This book is a unique compilation of the most recent breakthroughs in NPY/PYY neurobiology, cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, written by internationally renowned experts with the objective to synthesize leading concepts and data in support for translational medicine.
Author: Lynne Shore Garcia Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1555819001 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 1388
Book Description
Diagnostic Medical Parasitology covers all aspects of human medical parasitology and provides detailed, comprehensive, relevant diagnostic methods in one volume. The new edition incorporates newly recognized parasites, discusses new and improved diagnostic methods, and covers relevant regulatory requirements and has expanded sections detailing artifact material and histological diagnosis, supplemented with color images throughout the text.
Author: Wei-Cheng Huang
Author: Wei-Cheng Huang
Author: Qun Zhao
Author: Qing Qin
Author: M. F. W. te Pas
Author: Andrew P. Zbar
Author: Iqbal Ramzan
Author: Jian-Sheng Lin
Author: N.D. Carter
Author: Zofia Zukowska
Author: Lynne Shore Garcia